High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Biochemistry One Liners

Controversial MCQs | Nitrogen Balance | Nutrition | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 BIOCHEMISTRY — MOST REPEATED & CONTROVERSIAL POINTS

Urine turns black in … Alkaptonuria

Urine smells burnt sugar … Maple syrup urine disease

Mustard body color … Phenylketonuria

Sources of nitrogen … Meat, dairy, eggs, nuts, legumes, grains, cereals

Loss of nitrogen … Urine, feces, sweat, hair, skin

Estimation of nitrogen … Urea concentration in urine

Positive nitrogen balance … Growth, hypothyroidism, tissue repair, pregnancy

Negative nitrogen balance … Burns, serious tissue injury, fever, hyperthyroidism, wasting disease, fasting

Nitrogen conversion … 1 g nitrogen is equivalent to 6.25 g protein

Calcium requirement in pregnancy … 1200 mg

Iron demand in pregnancy … 800 mg

Content of fat in male … 15%

Amount of energy produced by cereals … 350–450

Baseline protein requirement … 1 g/kg/day

Entire body contains … 100 trillion cells

High-energy compound … ATP

High-energy content … Starch

Soup contains … Sodium

Cholesterol enriched in … Egg yolk

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Metabolic Site One Liners

🧠 METABOLIC PROCESSES AND THEIR SITES

Processes occurring in cytosol … Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, HMP shunt, fatty acid synthesis, bile acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis

Processes occurring in mitochondria … Fatty acid β-oxidation, electron transport chain, Krebs/TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Processes occurring in both mitochondria and cytosol … Urea synthesis, gluconeogenesis

Protein synthesis site … RER

Steroid synthesis site … Smooth ER

Sorting of proteins … Golgi bodies / dictyosome

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Enzyme Classification One Liners

🧠 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES

Class 1 — oxidoreductases … Oxidation-reduction reactions; transfer hydrogen/electrons or addition of oxygen

Oxidoreductases — coenzymes … NAD⁺, NADP⁺, FAD

Oxidoreductases — keywords … Dehydrogenase, oxidase, oxygenase

Oxidoreductases — examples … Lactate dehydrogenase, G6PD, succinate dehydrogenase, dioxygenases

Class 2 — transferases … Transfer functional groups other than hydrogen

Transferases — transferred groups … Amino, phosphoryl, methyl, acyl

Transferases — examples … Aminotransferase AST/ALT, hexokinase

Kinases … Transfer phosphate from ATP; usually transferases

Class 3 — hydrolases … Cleavage of bonds by addition of water

Hydrolases — examples … Acetylcholine esterase, trypsin, lipase, amylase

Hydrolases — high yield … Most digestive enzymes are hydrolases

Class 4 — lyases … Cleavage without water or oxidation; break C–C, C–O, C–N bonds

Lyases — examples … Aldolase, HMG-CoA lyase, ATP citrate lyase

Hydratase … Adds water to double bond

Class 5 — isomerases … Intramolecular rearrangement; convert molecule into isomer

Isomerases — examples … Racemases, epimerases, triose phosphate isomerase

Class 6 — ligases … Join two molecules using ATP; also called synthetases

Ligases — examples … Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glutamine synthetase, PRPP synthetase

Synthase vs synthetase … Synthetase is ATP-dependent; synthase does not necessarily require ATP

Super high-yield one-liner … Oxidoreductase → redox; transferase → transfer group; hydrolase → water break; lyase → break without water; isomerase → rearrange; ligase → join using ATP

Mnemonic … Over The Hill Lies Ice Land

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Collagen Disorder One Liners

Scurvy | Osteogenesis Imperfecta | Ehlers-Danlos | Menkes | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 DISORDERS OF COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS

Collagen hydroxylation … Requires vitamin C

Collagen cross-linking … Requires copper

Scurvy — cause … Vitamin C / ascorbic acid deficiency

Scurvy — defect … Defective hydroxylation of proline and lysine → weak collagen

Scurvy — clinical features … Bleeding gums, petechiae, poor wound healing, bone pain, corkscrew hair

Osteogenesis imperfecta — cause … Mutation in collagen genes, usually type I collagen defect

Osteogenesis imperfecta — clinical features … Multiple fractures, blue sclera, hearing loss, dental abnormalities

Osteogenesis imperfecta — high yield … Type I collagen affected; most common inherited collagen disorder; blue sclera classic

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome — cause … Collagen gene mutation / lysyl hydroxylase deficiency

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome — clinical features … Hypermobile joints, hyperextensible skin, easy bruising, poor wound healing

Menkes disease — cause … Copper deficiency, X-linked recessive, ATP7A transporter defect

Menkes disease — defect … Defective collagen cross-linking and decreased lysyl oxidase activity

Menkes disease — clinical features … Kinky hair, growth failure, neurodegeneration, hypotonia

Ultra high-yield … Vitamin C → hydroxylation; copper → cross-linking; OI → type I collagen; EDS → hyperextensible skin/joints; Menkes → kinky hair + copper problem

Mnemonic SOME collagen problems … Scurvy, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Menkes, Ehlers-Danlos

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency One Liners

B Vitamins | Folate | B12 | Vitamin C | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMIN DEFICIENCY POINTS

Thiamine B1 — enzymes affected … Pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase

Thiamine B1 — deficiency states … Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, wet beriberi, dry beriberi

Biotin — enzymes affected … Pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase

Biotin deficiency … Raw egg/avidin; alopecia, muscle pains

Pyridoxine B6 — enzymes affected … Aminotransferases

Pyridoxine B6 deficiency … Isoniazid-induced deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, cheilosis/stomatitis, convulsions

Riboflavin B2 — enzymes affected … Dehydrogenases

Riboflavin B2 deficiency … Corneal neovascularization, cheilosis/stomatitis, magenta tongue

Niacin B3 — enzymes affected … Dehydrogenases

Niacin B3 deficiency … Pellagra: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis; death if untreated

Pantothenic acid B5 — enzymes affected … Fatty acid synthase, fatty acyl-CoA synthase

Pantothenic acid B5 deficiency … Rare; burning foot syndrome

Folic acid — enzyme … Thymidylate synthase

Folic acid deficiency/risk factors … Alcoholics, pregnancy, homocysteinemia, macrocytic anemia, neural tube defects

Vitamin B12 / extrinsic factor of Castle — enzymes … Homocysteine methyltransferase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Vitamin B12 deficiency states … Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, neuropathy, SACD, methylmalonic aciduria

Vitamin C — enzymes … Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase, dopamine hydroxylase

Vitamin C deficiency/risk factor … Diet deficient in citrus; scurvy

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Vitamin One Liners

Vitamin Facts | Vitamin Conversions | Fat-Soluble Vitamins | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 VITAMINS — FACTS, CONVERSIONS & FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Folic acid deficiency … Megaloblastic anemia without neurologic symptoms

Niacin deficiency … Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Riboflavin deficiency … Ariboflavinosis: glossitis, corneal opacities, dermatitis, erythroid hyperplasia

Vitamin B12 deficiency … Megaloblastic anemia with degeneration of posterolateral spinal cord

Homocysteine to methionine conversion … Requires vitamin B12

Methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA conversion … Requires vitamin B12

Cystathionine degradation … Requires vitamin B6

Proline hydroxylation … Requires vitamin C

Vitamin A deficiency … Night blindness, xerophthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis

Vitamin D deficiency … Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

Vitamin E function … Prevents lipid peroxidation

Vitamin E deficiency … Hemolysis, retinitis pigmentosa, neurological problems

Vitamin K function … Gamma carboxylation; post-translational modifier

Vitamin K deficiency … Bleeding tendency with ↑PT and normal BT; hemorrhagic disease of newborn

Vitamin K mechanism … Gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX and X

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Storage Accumulation One Liners

🧠 SUBSTANCE ACCUMULATION IN DIFFERENT DISEASES

Galactocerebroside accumulation … Krabbe disease due to galactocerebroside deficiency

Glucocerebroside accumulation … Gaucher disease due to β-glucocerebrosidase defect; reticuloendothelial cells and CNS affected

GM₂ ganglioside accumulation … Tay-Sachs disease due to hexosaminidase deficiency; macular cherry-red spot

Sphingomyelin accumulation … Niemann-Pick disease due to sphingomyelinase defect

Sulfatide accumulation … Metachromatic leukodystrophy due to arylsulfatase A deficiency

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Glycogen Regulation One Liners

Glycogen Synthase | Glycogen Phosphorylase | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM

Glycogen synthesis via glycogen synthetase — activated by … Insulin, glucose

Glycogen synthesis via glycogen synthetase — inhibited by … Glucagon, epinephrine

Glycogen breakdown via glycogen phosphorylase — activated by … Glucagon, epinephrine

Glycogen breakdown via glycogen phosphorylase — inhibited by … Insulin, glucose

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Lipoprotein One Liners

Chylomicrons | VLDL | LDL | IDL | HDL | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 LIPOPROTEINS & APOPROTEINS

Chylomicrons — function … Transport dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from intestine to tissues

Chylomicrons — apoproteins … Apo B48, Apo CII, Apo E

VLDL — function … Transport triglycerides from liver to tissues

VLDL — apoproteins … Apo B100, Apo CII, Apo E

LDL — function … Deliver cholesterol to cells

LDL — apoprotein … Apo B100

IDL — function … Intermediate in lipoprotein metabolism

IDL — apoprotein … Apo E

HDL — function … Reverse cholesterol transport

HDL — apoprotein … Apo A1

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Amino Acid Metabolic Defect One Liners

🧠 AMINO ACID METABOLIC DEFECTS

Phenylketonuria — defect … Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Phenylketonuria — key points … Mental retardation, seizures, hyperactivity, tremor, microcephaly, hypopigmentation, failure to grow, musty/mousy odor of urine

Alkaptonuria — defect … Homogentisate oxidase

Alkaptonuria — key points … Urine darkens on standing, ochronosis, pigmentation of sclerae/ears/heart valves/larynx/tympanic membranes/skin, arthritis

Maple syrup urine disease — defect … Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase

Maple syrup urine disease — key points … Defect in valine, leucine, isoleucine metabolism; maple syrup odor urine; lethargy; weight loss; ketosis; coma

Homocystinuria — defect … Cystathionine synthetase

Homocystinuria — key points … Abnormal methionine metabolism, mental retardation, MI, osteoporosis, lens dislocation, autosomal recessive, responsive to vitamin B6

Albinism — defect … Tyrosinase

Albinism — key points … White hair, photosensitivity, strabismus, nystagmus, photophobia

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Purine & Pyrimidine Defect One Liners

Orotic Aciduria | Lesch-Nyhan | SCID | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 DEFECTS OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM

Orotic aciduria — defect … Orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase / OMP decarboxylase

Orotic aciduria — inheritance … Autosomal recessive

Orotic aciduria — key points … Newborn with megaloblastic anemia and orotic acid crystals in urine

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome — defect … HGPRT deficiency

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome — inheritance … X-linked recessive

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome — key points … Self-biting, needle-shaped crystals in urine, hyperuricemia

SCID — defect … Adenosine deaminase deficiency

SCID — inheritance … Autosomal recessive

SCID — key points … Severe immunodeficiency with decreased B cells and T cells

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Zellweger & Rate-Limiting Step One Liners

🧠 ZELLWEGER’S SYNDROME & RATE-LIMITING STEPS

Peroxisomes … Single membrane organelles responsible for β-oxidation of fatty chains

Deficiency of peroxisomes … Zellweger’s syndrome with accumulation of long-chain fatty acids

Cholesterol synthesis rate-limiting enzyme … HMG-CoA reductase

Ketone body synthesis rate-limiting enzyme … HMG-CoA synthetase

Fatty acid synthesis rate-limiting enzyme … Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Bile acid synthesis rate-limiting enzyme … 7α-hydroxylase

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Inhibitor & Technique One Liners

Enzyme Inhibitors | Molecular Techniques | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 IMPORTANT INHIBITORS & DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor … Allopurinol

Folate reductase inhibitor … Methotrexate

Lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor … Oxamates

Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor … Aminopterin / amethopterin

Vitamin K synthesis inhibitor … Dicumarol

Southern blot … Analyzes DNA

ASO titer … Analyzes DNA

Northern blot … Analyzes RNA

Microarray … Analyzes RNA or cDNA

Western blot … Analyzes protein

ELISA … Analyzes protein / antibodies

Proteomics … Analyzes proteins

Dot blot … Analyzes DNA, RNA, or protein

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Amino Acid One Liners

Amino Acid Precursors | BCAA | Essential Amino Acids | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 AMINO ACIDS

Phenylalanine and tyrosine … Precursors of catecholamines

Tryptophan … Precursor for serotonin and niacin

Valine and isoleucine … Branched-chain amino acids

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism … Abnormal in MSUD / maple syrup urine disease

Proline … Has an imino group

Glycine … Smallest and simplest amino acid

Glycine function … Provides flexibility of proteins

Histidine … Buffer at normal pH; can protonate or deprotonate

Essential amino acids … Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Hydrophilic amino acids … Outer surface of membrane

Hydrophobic amino acids … Transmembrane region

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Enzyme Pathway One Liners

cAMP | PIP2 | cGMP | Important Enzyme Pathways | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 MECHANISM PATHWAY OF IMPORTANT ENZYMES

cAMP pathway — G protein … Adenyl cyclase

cAMP pathway — protein kinase … Protein kinase A

cAMP pathway — examples … Glucagon, epinephrine

PIP2 pathway — G protein … Phospholipase

PIP2 pathway — protein kinase … Protein kinase B

PIP2 pathway — example … Vasopressin

cGMP pathway — G protein … Guanyl cyclase

cGMP pathway — protein kinase … Protein kinase C

cGMP pathway — examples … ANF, nitric oxide (NO)

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Porphyria One Liners

Porphyrias | Enzyme Deficiencies | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 ENZYME DEFICIENCIES IN PORPHYRIAS

Erythropoietic porphyria … Deficiency of ferrochelatase

Hereditary porphyria … Deficiency of coproporphyrinogen oxidase

Variegate porphyria … Deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase

Acute intermittent porphyria … Deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase

Porphyria cutanea tarda … Deficiency of URO decarboxylase

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria … Deficiency of URO III cosynthetase

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Nutrition & Mineral One Liners

Fatty Acids | Minerals | Energy | Zinc | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 NUTRITION, MINERALS & ENERGY

Least amount of essential fatty acids … Coconut oil

Major source of unsaturated fatty acids … Soybean oil

Highest cholesterol is found in … Egg yolk

Minerals are least found in … Tubers

Non-essential mineral … Lead

Most important constituent of lipids … Carbon

Iron demand in pregnancy … 800 mg

Calcium demand in pregnancy … 1200 mg

High-energy compound / molecule … ATP

Highest energy content … Starch

Soup contains high amount of … Na

Amount of energy produced by cereals … 340–450

In basal metabolism, heart derives 60% of energy from … Fatty acids

During embryo development, main source of energy … Glucose and fatty acids

Earliest clinical sign of hypermagnesemia … Decreased deep tendon reflexes

Zinc is necessary for … Carbonic anhydrase activity

Accelerator of zinc oxide eugenol paste … Zinc acetate

Patient on TPN develops alopecia and dermatitis due to … Zinc deficiency

Regarding TPN … Enteral nutrition decreases chances of infection

Patient taking carbohydrate in diet must take … Thiamine

Patient taking biotin must take … Lipid

Patient taking riboflavin must take … Protein

Acetyl CoA cannot be directly converted to … Glucose

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Biochemistry Linear Points

Enzymes | Vitamins | Fasting | Collagen | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 BIOCHEMISTRY — ENZYMES, VITAMINS & FASTING

Assessment of muscle injury by … Creatine kinase

Creatine phosphokinase is absent in … Liver

Similar to organophosphorus compound … Ecothiopate

Mother’s milk doesn’t contain … Lactoferrin

Milk is notoriously deficient in … Pantothenic acid > vitamin C

Dietary precursor of serotonin … Tryptophan

Cofactor for carboxylation … Biotin

Eating raw egg will lead to … Decreased carboxylation / biotin deficiency

Avidin binds with … Biotin

Vitamin required for fatty acid synthesis … Biotin

Cofactor is important component of … Pantothenic acid

Vitamin used in synthesis of acetyl CoA / acyl transferase … Pantothenic acid

Dermatitis, enteritis and alopecia … Deficiency of B5

Burning feet syndrome … Deficiency of B5

Vitamin involved in transaminase reaction … Vitamin B6

Patient on dialysis with oral ulcers … Vitamin B6 deficiency

Collagen present in periodontal ligament … Type I collagen

Acetaminophen excretion occurs by … Glucuronidation

Major control of gluconeogenesis during long-term fasting … Availability of alanine in blood

Mid-arm circumference decreases after one month fasting due to … Decreased protein in body

During starvation … Ketone body formation

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Vitamin & Tongue Clue One Liners

Vitamin Clues | Deficiency Clues | Repeated FCPS-I Pearls | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 VITAMIN & DEFICIENCY CLUES

Red beefy tongue is seen in … Vitamin B12 deficiency

Atrophic glossitis is seen in … Iron deficiency anemia

Magenta tongue is seen in … Vitamin B2 deficiency / riboflavin deficiency

Vitamin deficient post-pancreatectomy … Vitamin D

Magenta tongue deficiency … Riboflavin

Vitamin for good memory … Thiamine

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Storage Disease One Liners

Glycogen Storage | Lysosomal Storage | Iron Homeostasis | Dr. Wasim FCPS I Book

🧠 STORAGE DISEASE & IRON HOMEOSTASIS

Thiamine intake increases with … Carbohydrates

Biotin intake increases with … Lipid

Riboflavin intake increases with … Protein

Andersen disease … Branching enzyme deficiency

Cori disease … Debranching enzyme deficiency

McArdle disease … Muscle phosphorylase deficiency

Hers disease … Hepatic muscle phosphorylase deficiency

Von Gierke disease … Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

Tay-Sachs disease … Hexosaminidase deficiency

Niemann-Pick disease … Sphingomyelinase deficiency

Iron homeostasis is maintained by … Hepcidin

Iron homeostasis is controlled by … Transferrin

Hepcidin … Iron homeostasis regulatory protein

Transferrin … Transfers iron Fe³⁺

Hemosiderin … Insoluble iron storage form

Ferritin … Soluble iron storage form Fe³⁺

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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