- Academic Support WhatsApp: +92 345 4152277, email: info@drwasimsme.com
💥Upcoming FCPS-I Mock Test will be in Renal System Module (17/05/2026) Click for Details 💥CPSP has opened apply for FCPS-I July 2026 Apply Now 💥"FCPS I July 2026 Preparation" Group Join Now 💥FCPS I April 2026 Result has been announced Check Now JCAT April 2026 Result has been announced. Check Now Immunization Officer (Urban), Last Date to Apply 26/04/2026 Apply Now
Candida ................. Pseudohyphae
Aspergillus ................. Acute angle branching (~45°)
Mucor ................. Broad non-septate hyphae
Cryptococcus ................. India ink positive
Histoplasma ................. Intracellular yeast
Dermatophytes ................. Tinea (ringworm) infections
Pneumocystis ................. Silver stain
Cold agglutinin ................. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Urease positive ................. H. pylori
Satellitism ................. H. influenzae
Alpha hemolysis ................. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Beta hemolysis ................. Streptococcus pyogenes
Coagulase-negative staph ................. Prosthetic device infections
Chlamydia ................. No cell wall
Legionella ................. Urinary antigen test
Campylobacter ................. Guillain-Barré syndrome association
CMV ................. Owl’s eye inclusion
Plasmodium falciparum ................. Most severe malaria
Plasmodium vivax ................. Relapse (hypnozoites)
Entamoeba histolytica ................. Flask-shaped ulcer
Giardia lamblia ................. Pear-shaped trophozoite
Toxoplasma gondii ................. Ring-enhancing brain lesions
Echinococcus ................. Hydatid cyst
Wuchereria bancrofti ................. Elephantiasis
Candida albicans ................. Pseudohyphae
Cryptococcus ................. India ink positive
Aspergillus ................. Acute angle branching
Mucor ................. Broad non-septate hyphae
Histoplasma ................. Intracellular yeast
Blastomyces ................. Broad-based budding
Dermatophytes ................. Ringworm
KOH mount ................. Fungal detection
DNA virus example ................. HSV
RNA virus example ................. Influenza
Retrovirus ................. HIV
CD4 receptor ................. HIV target
HBsAg ................. Hepatitis B infection
Anti-HBs ................. Immunity to Hepatitis B
Rabies virus ................. Negri bodies
HPV ................. Cervical cancer
EBV ................. Burkitt lymphoma
CMV ................. Owl’s eye inclusion
Measles ................. Koplik spots
Parvovirus B19 ................. Aplastic crisis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ................. Acid-fast bacilli
Mantoux test ................. Delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity
CBNAAT ................. Rapid TB detection
Lepromatous leprosy ................. Poor cell-mediated immunity
Tuberculoid leprosy ................. Strong cell-mediated immunity
Rifampicin ................. Red/orange body fluid discoloration
Caseating granuloma ................. Tuberculosis hallmark
Clostridium tetani ................. Tetanospasmin toxin
Clostridium botulinum ................. Flaccid paralysis
Clostridium perfringens ................. Gas gangrene
Clostridium difficile ................. Pseudomembranous colitis
Bacteroides fragilis ................. Intra-abdominal abscess
Tetanus toxin MOA ................. Blocks GABA release
Botulinum toxin MOA ................. Blocks ACh release
Nagler reaction ................. Clostridium perfringens
Spore-forming bacteria ................. Clostridium
Anaerobic infection clue ................. Foul-smelling discharge
Greatest %age of blood volume ................. Venules + veins
Compensation in hemorrhage → dec. what? ................. Venous capacitance
Vascular smooth muscle control (almost purely neural) ................. Venules
Max volume reduction after ~8% blood loss ................. Veins
~8% blood loss in 30 min → main source ................. Veins
Inflammatory cell migration site ................. Post-capillary venules
Fluid exudation in acute inflammation ................. Venules
Neutrophil emigration (acute inflammation) ................. Venules
Motor loss + sensory loss (upper limb) ................. MCA lesion
Motor loss + sensory loss (lower limb) ................. ACA lesion
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing ................. PCA lesion
Right paralysis + left tongue deviation ................. Left ASA lesion
CN 9,10,11 palsy + dysphagia + hoarseness + ipsilateral
*Frequently Repeated FCPS I One Liners From [DR. WASIM FCPS I BOOK]*
Horner ................. PICA lesion
CN 6,7,8 palsy + ↓salivation/lacrimation + ↓taste (anterior 2/3) + ipsilateral Horner ................. AICA lesion
Motor loss + aphasia ................. Left cerebral cortex
Motor loss + hemineglect ................. Right cerebral cortex
Motor loss + impaired judgement/concentration/orientation ................. Frontal lobe
Motor loss + agraphia + acalculia ................. Dominant parietal cortex
Contralateral paralysis (no cortical signs) ................. Internal capsule lesion
Pure motor stroke ................. Internal capsule
Internal capsule lesion + sensory loss possible ................. Motor + sensory fibers run together
Internal capsule lesion hallmark ................. No cortical signs (aphasia/neglect/visual loss absent)
Loss of motivation + judgement ................. Frontal lobe
Hemineglect ................. Non-dominant parietal cortex
Broca area location ................. Inferior frontal gyrus
Wernicke area location ................. Superior temporal gyrus
Auditory cortex location ................. Superior temporal gyrus
Primary visual cortex ................. Area 17 (occipital lobe)
Chorea ................. Caudate nucleus
Hemiballismus ................. Contralateral subthalamic nucleus
Striatum components ................. Caudate + putamen
Lentiform nucleus ................. Putamen + globus pallidus
Amnesia ................. Hippocampus
Most vulnerable to ischemia ................. Hippocampus
Hyperphagia + hypersexuality ................. Amygdala
Intention tremor ................. Cerebellum
Truncal ataxia ................. Vermis (cerebellum)
Resting tremor ................. Parkinsonism
Cannot eat (↓hunger) ................. Lateral hypothalamus lesion
Eats excessively ................. Ventromedial nucleus lesion (satiety center loss)
Cooling center (sweating) ................. Anterior hypothalamus
Heating center (shivering) ................. Posterior hypothalamus
Circadian rhythm control ................. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
ADH synthesis ................. Supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin synthesis ................. Paraventricular nucleus
Frequently Repeated FCPS I One Liners From [DR. WASIM FCPS I BOOK]
Website: www.drwasimsme.com
Follow for more: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaitHrr6xCSS5PmNPO0m
Sedative agent ................. ↓ Anxiety + calming effect & sleep
Hypnotic agent ................. Induces drowsiness + sleep
Sedative-hypnotics ................. Cause CNS depression
Benzodiazepines ................. Major sedative-hypnotic class
Short-acting benzos ................. Oxazepam, triazolam, alprazolam, midazolam *“-olam”* suffix ................. Often *short-acting* benzodiazepines
Short serum t½ ................. ↑ Physical dependence risk
Short-acting benzos ................. ↑ Addiction/withdrawal risk
Benzodiazepine clearance ................. Hepatic metabolism
LOT: Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam ................. Rapid hepatic inactivation
Long-acting benzos ................. Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide
Long-acting benzos ................. Form active metabolites
Active metabolites ................. Prolong effect up to ~100 h
Multiple long-acting benzo doses ................. Cumulative toxicity risk
Elderly + long-acting benzos ................. ↑ Sedation/toxicity risk
Liver disease + benzos ................. ↑ Serum half-life risk
Benzo MOA ................. Bind allosteric site on GABA-A receptor
Benzos ................. Enhance GABA effect; do not mimic GABA
GABA ................. Major inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
Glycine ................. Major inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
Benzos in CNS ................. Potentiate GABA-A transmission
GABA-A activation ................. Opens Cl⁻ channel
↑ Cl⁻ conductance ................. Hyperpolarization → ↓ neuronal excitability
Benzo CNS effect ................. Overall CNS depression
Benzos + GABA-A ................. ↑ Frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening
Barbiturates vs benzos ................. Barbiturates ↑ duration; benzos ↑ frequency
GABA-A receptor ................. Main benzo site of action
GABA-A receptor structure ................. 5 subunits forming Cl⁻ channel
GABA-A function ................. Mood, anxiety, sleep, neuronal excitability
Alcohol MOA ................. Binds GABA-A allosteric site
Alcohol ................. CNS depressant via ↑ GABA inhibitory tone
GABA-A memory hook ................. A = Alcohol
Chronic alcohol use ................. ↓ GABA sensitivity → tolerance
Alcohol tolerance ................. ↑ Intake needed for same effect
Abrupt alcohol cessation ................. ↓ GABA inhibition → CNS excitation
Alcohol withdrawal onset ................. 8–12 h after last drink
Early alcohol withdrawal ................. Insomnia, tremor, anxiety
Alcohol withdrawal autonomic signs ................. ↑ BP variability, diaphoresis, tachycardia
Alcohol withdrawal seizures ................. 12–48 h
Delirium tremens timing ................. 48–96 h
Delirium tremens features ................. Fever, disorientation, severe agitation
Alcohol withdrawal treatment ................. Benzodiazepines first-line
Benzos in alcohol withdrawal ................. ↓ Agitation + prevent seizures/DTs
Diazepam/chlordiazepoxide ................. Preferred in most alcohol withdrawal
Long-acting benzos in withdrawal ................. Self-tapering → smoother course
Cirrhosis/alcoholic hepatitis ................. Avoid long-acting active-metabolite benzos
Liver disease + alcohol withdrawal ................. Prefer lorazepam/oxazepam
Lorazepam/oxazepam ................. No active metabolites; safer in liver disease
Alcohol withdrawal ................. Common adult seizure cause
IV benzos ................. Rapid severe withdrawal control
IV benzodiazepines ................. Acute seizure control
Status epilepticus ................. Continuous/recurrent tonic-clonic seizures without recovery
Status epilepticus acute drug ................. IV lorazepam/diazepam
Diazepam/lorazepam/midazolam ................. Used IV for anesthesia
IV benzos in procedures ................. Conscious sedation
Conscious sedation ................. Patent airway + follows commands
Colonoscopy sedation ................. IV benzodiazepines may be used
Procedural benzo benefit ................. Sedation + amnesia
Benzos for insomnia ................. Short-term use only
Benzo sleep-aid problem ................. Tolerance + dependence + adverse effects
Benzos in children ................. May help parasomnias
Parasomnias ................. Sleepwalking/night terrors
Benzos as muscle relaxants ................. Central skeletal muscle relaxation
Diazepam use ................. Reduces spasticity
Spasticity causes treated by diazepam ................. MS, stroke, spinal cord trauma, tetanus
Muscle-relaxant benzo dose ................. Often causes sedation
Benzos in acute anxiety ................. Rapid symptom relief
GAD symptoms ................. Excessive/unreasonable anxiety
GAD somatic symptoms ................. Headache, muscle tension, insomnia
Benzos in GAD ................. Reduce emotional + somatic symptoms
Benzo onset in anxiety ................. Minutes to hours
Panic disorder ................. Recurrent abrupt intense fear episodes
Panic attack duration ................. Minutes to ~1 hour
Panic attack symptoms ................. Chest pain/SOB + fear of future attacks
First-line GAD/panic pharmacotherapy ................. SSRI/SNRI
Benzos in anxiety ................. Not ideal long-term therapy
Chronic benzo use ................. GABA-A downregulation
GABA-A downregulation ................. ↓ GABA sensitivity → tolerance
Tolerance ................. Higher dose needed for same effect
Physical dependence ................. Withdrawal if abruptly stopped
Benzo withdrawal resembles ................. Alcohol withdrawal
Benzo withdrawal symptoms ................. Tremor, anxiety, perceptual disturbance
Severe benzo withdrawal ................. Dysphoria, psychosis, seizures
Benzo dependence + tolerance ................. ↑ Addiction risk
Substance use disorder history ................. Avoid/limit benzodiazepines
Most benzo adverse effects ................. Dose-related CNS depression
Low-dose benzo effects ................. Drowsiness + impaired judgment
Benzos impair ................. Motor skills, job performance, driving
Benzo amnesia ................. Dose-related anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia ................. Impaired new learning
Clinical use of benzo amnesia ................. Endoscopy/procedural sedation
Elderly sensitivity to benzos ................. Increased CNS adverse effects
Confusion in elderly ................. Sedative-hypnotic overuse = reversible cause
Benzos in elderly ................. Avoid due falls/confusion
Benzo coordination effect ................. Central ataxia
Central ataxia ................. ↑ Fall risk
Benzos + alcohol ................. Dangerous additive CNS depression
Benzos + barbiturates ................. Additive CNS depression
Benzos + neuroleptics ................. Additive CNS depression
Benzos + 1st-gen antihistamines ................. Additive sedation risk
1st-gen antihistamines ................. Cross BBB → strong sedation
Elderly + sedating polypharmacy ................. High fall/confusion risk
Diphenhydramine ................. 1st-gen H1 blocker; sedating
Benzos/alcohol/barbiturates ................. All modulate GABA-A allosterically
Benzo overdose antidote ................. Flumazenil
Flumazenil MOA ................. Competitive benzo receptor antagonist
Flumazenil use ................. Reverses benzo sedation
Flumazenil after anesthesia ................. Can reverse benzo-induced sedation
Flumazenil after procedural sedation ................. Can reverse benzo effect
Flumazenil in overdose ................. Controversial
Flumazenil danger ................. Can precipitate withdrawal seizures
Chronic benzo user + flumazenil ................. High seizure risk
Benzo toxicity reversal ................. Use flumazenil cautiously
Core benzo memory hook ................. ↑ GABA-A → ↑ Cl⁻ frequency → CNS depression
High-yield safer liver benzos ................. LOT: Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam
1-Pain from uterus is carried by?
A. sympathetic plexus
B. parasympathetic plexus
C. nervi erigentes
D. lumbosacral trunk
ANS Best option would be both symp and parasympathetic...
But if u have to cho0se among them cho0se sympathetic.. as its carrying frm majo0r portion body and fundus
Ref. Klm
2-barr body is present in
A. klinefelter
B. Normal female
C. Normal male
ANS A and b both correct
B ✔more appropriate
But if option with both present cho0se tht
Regarding barr bodies ...
Heterochromatin
Have x chromosome
Seen under light microscope.
Absent in ... turner.
Scanty in... turner.
Diagnostic for ... Turner
Present in ... klinefelter
1 barr body.. klinefelter
Ox.. no barr body.
Xx.. 1 barr body
Xxx.. 2 barr bodies
3-Ventricles completely depolarized during ??
A. St segment
B. QRS
Ans) St segment. ✔
👉But if stem says ventricular depolarizatuon shown by cho0se Qrs
4-primigravida taking iron tab and fresh vegetable juices what deficiency she is at risk of developing??
A.Calcium
B.Vit B12
Ans) I prefer Vit b12 ✔.why coz vegetables and juices r go0d source of ca and vitb12 only comes frm animal sources ... thts why
Baki gynae wala ko ziyada pata hoga mra mind to yae khta hai ..
Though b12 ka large reservoirs hoty but pt is taking calcium in diet and vitb12 not. So ca he deficient hoga i guess .
5-H antigen found in blood group? ?
A. O ✔ ✔
B. Oh
C. A
D. B
6-Anti H (antibody ) found in blood group? ??
A. O
B. Oh ✔ ✔
C. A
D. B
7-Temporal horn of lateral ventricle?
A . hippocampus ✔
B.stria terminalis
8-Pain in mumps is due to which of the following nerve ??
A. Auricotemporal
B. Ophthalmic
C. Greater auricular
Ans Auricotemporal (cpsp key)
9-Therapeutic dose depend upon? ?
A. Efficacy
B potency
Ans) Efficacy ✔
10-Hypertensive and CRF what is unlikely?
A. Hyperkalemia
B.hypophosphatemia
C.hypocalcemia
Ans) B ✔ ✔.it causes hyperphosphatemia
11-Pt comes in er with c/o chest pain associated with vomiting on examination vitals r normal ecg shows ST elevation in ant chest leads labs shows cardiac enzymes r normal … diagnosis??
ANS ACUTE MI
12-in exercise, which among the following doesn't get full blood supply
A.Kidney
B.Skeletal muscle
Ans) Kidney
13-SA Node acts as a pacemaker of heart bcz
Capable of generating impulses spontaneously
Generates impulse at faster rate
Ans) generate impulse at faster rate
Ref guyton
14-Great sephanous vein has how many valves?
A.20
B.10
C.12
D.5
Ans) 20 valves ..
Ref . Rj last
15-Hypebaric oxygen useful in
A co poisoning
B anemia
C polycythemia
D decompression sickness
E gas gangrene
Ans ) CO poisoning
Ref .Harrison
16-In asian population most common cause of macrocytosis??
A. liver disease
B. Alcohol
Ans) Most common cause is alcohol..
And in almost 96% alcoholic macrocytosis occur..
I didn't find any ref regarding asian ..
But i'll prefer alcohol ✔
Asia m sirf pak nh ata ..
Bht sy alcoholic countries hn
Baki ur choice
17-Autosomal dominant ?
A. incomplete penetrance
B. heterogenecity
C. complete penetrance
Ans) Question is poor recall.
All of above can b correct so it depends on stem wht they ask..
🔹️It expresses heterogeneity
🔹️complete penetrance all individuals with mutations will express the disorder .
🔹️While incomplete penetrance individuals are phenotypically normal but can transmit disorder to their offspring
18-Presence of delta antigen (HDV) shows:
A. INFECTIVITY
B. RECOVERY
C. CHRONICITY
D. ACUTE PHASE
E. MEASURE OF SEVERITY/FATALITY OF DISEASE
Ans) For me its E..
Measure of severity
Chronic to sb he hai HBV,HCV and HDV
But wht makes HDV imp. Is that its fatal coz of superinfection more thn 70% chances and high chances of fatality ... so i prefer it
Ref. Robbin & Levinson
19-Anti manic effect of lithium takes how much time?
A.10days
B.15days
C.5 days
D.21 days
Ans) 7-10 days
Ref. Katzung, goodman & gilman, harrison
20-Commonest site for pyogenic brain abscess is?
A. Frontal lobe
B. Temporal lobe
Ans) Frontal lobe ✔
After searching alot in diff txt bo0ks and go0gle i give frontal slight edge over temporal but If option given with both. Prefer that.
21-NERVOUS CONTROL OF ACCOMMODATION in eye is mediated by
A. Mixed activity
B.only parasympathetic system
Ans) B
Ref Guyton
22-Pacemaker potential is due to
Fast Na channel
Slow Ca channel
Ans) Ca channels ✔
Ref. Ganong
23-Natural antithrombotic in blood
Heparin
Plasminogen
Ans) Plasminogen ✔ for me
Ref. Harrison
24-Most radiosensitive?
A. Lymph node
B. Germ cells
Ans) Lymphoid tissue ✔
Ref. Goljan
25-Fibrocartilage is rich in?
A. Collagen
B. Amorphous substance
C. Elastin
D. Reticular tissues
Ans) Will prefer A ✔
Ref. Basic histo
26-Potent stimulus for GH?
Ans) Strenuous exercise ✔
Ref. Guyton
27-Urine osmolarity 1200..plasma osmolarity 300..cause
A.Siadh
B.Dehydration
Ans) B
For SIADH diagnosis plasma osm must falls below 270..
Ref. Davidson
28-Most common primary immune deficiency??
A. X linked agammalobinemia
B. IGA deficiency
ANS) IgA def ✔
Ref. Goljan
29-Function of basal ganglia
Control of movement
Execution of movement
Planning of movement
Ans) Initiation of movement’s ✔Best ans
30-which of following not related to mackle’s diverticulum:
a) is remnant of urachus
b) lies 60cm distal to ileoceacal valve
Ans) A
31-notochord forms
a)neural tube
b)CNS
c)Oligocene to cures
d)none of above
Ans) Neural plate >> neural tube
32-defect in interventricular septum causes or affects which valve most
a)tricuspid
b)mitral
Ans A
33-fetal circulation has more oxygen in
a)inferior vena cava than sup vena cava
b)pulmonary vein than pul artery
Ans A
34-detached embolus from deep veins of leg will go first to ....
A. inferior vena cava ...
B. pulmonary artery ....
C. pulmonary vein
Ans) Inferior venacava correct
Pathway..
Fragmented thrombi from DVTs >>IVC>>Rt heart>>pulmonary arterial vasculature
35-blockage of right marginal artery will result in interruption of blood supply to?
A. SA node
B. interatrium
C. right atrium
D. left atrium
Ans. R ventricle ✔
If not present will cho0se none ✔
If none is also not present will cho0se R atrium ✔
36-If Right Coronary Artery is occluded distal to the origin of right marginal artery, which part of the heart will be affected most??
A. Av node ✔
B. SA node
C. Apex of the heart
D. Right Atrium
37-Stab above xiphisternal at 6th costal cartilage just to right will damage which structure
a. Right ventricle
b. Right atrium ✔
c. Inferior vena cava
D.liver
38-Regarding blood supply of heart which statement is incorrect
A.coronary arteries are branches of ascending aorta
B.RCA supplies right atrium and right ventricle
C.circumflex branch of LcA descends in anterior interventricular groove ✔
D.none of the above
39-Regarding spinal cord
A in new born conusmedullaris ends at L3
B post median sulcus deeper than ant
C filum terminale attach S2
D spinal nerve from 2cm beyond intervertebral foramina
Ans A and c both seems to be correct
In A length can go frm L3 to l4
Ref. Grays
C also correct.
Choice is urz
Ref. Snell
40-True regarding spleen
A vertically 12 cm
B on the right free margin of lessor sac
C more echogenic than liver
D if ligamentous support lax it become free called wandering spleen
ANS: Ideally this bcq should be like which is wrong among these.
Thn B ✔ perfect.
Now solve this one with whts correct..
A C and D all correct ...
So which is best.
Leave A as its length is variable frm 7 to 14 cm. And avg lngth is 5 inch
So C and D cho0se frm them.
I'll cho0se D ✔ here ..
41-True about csf
A total 150ml
B production rate 20ml/hr
C produced by ependymal cell of choroid plexus
D drained y lymphatics
ANS;C ✔ for me
Rate is 0.5ml/min means 30ml/hr
So b is wrong
Drained mostly by venous system but small amount through lymphatics is well. So d is also wrong
A and c are correct choice is urz.
I'll cho0se C ✔ seems best baki volume diff hoskta in diff conditions
42-In right handed man left lower quardrinopia leision is at??
A right temporal
B left temporal
C right occipital
D left occipital
E right perital
ANS: E ✔
👉Parietal pathway causes contralateral #inferior quadrantanopia
👉Temporal pathway causes contralateral #superiorquadrantanopia
43-During second stage of labor which is helpful?
A oxytocin
B adominal muscles
C estrogen
D inhibin
ANS: A oxytocin seems correct
Normally 2nd stage of labour is physiological and occur by propulsive contractions by abdominal muscles.
But which #substance is helpful in case of prolong(complicated) 2nd stage that is oxytocin
44-Which of the following is not carcinogen?
a Alcohol ✔
b Benzidinee
c Cyclophosphamide
d Dimethylsulfate
e Benzathracine
👉Its best among others not mentioned in Robbins list of chemical carcinogen
45-Carcinoma is not related to
A- iron deficiency
B- iodine deficiency ✔
C- CCL4
D-all above
👉Actually all these related . But still best is iodine as its uncommon
46-Which among following chemicals exposure causes carcinoma?
A. Methyl alcohol
B. Benzene ✔
C. Carbon tetrachloride
D. Ethyl alcohol
47-Not associated with malignancy
A. Iodine def ✔
B.melanosis
48-Which is carcinogen
A. UV light for bones
B. Aflatoxin for esophagus
C. Uv light for lungs
D. Alcohol for liver ✔
49-Which is not chemical carcinogen
A. Sodium methylsulfate ✔
B. Arsenic
C.chromium
👉Arsenic and chromium both mentioned in Robbins but sodium methylsulfate not present in both robbins and goljan
50-Hypercalcemia not related to
A. Liver cancer
B. Ovarian cancer
C. Prostate cancer ✔
👉Coz it causes osteoblastic mets
51-Source of energy in fasting individual
A lipid
B carbohydrate
C protein
D vitamins
ANS: It depends upon duration
Order of energy utilization
Carbo ➡️lipid ➡️protein
Upto 3 days carb
After 3 days lipid
Later protein
Ref. 1st aid.
52-If man is on ventilator what would happened if u give positive expiratory force??
a) Alveolar damage
b) Gas distributuion
c) Decrease FRC
Ans : B ✔ it is .
ItS PEEP positive end expiratory pressure used to prevent alveolar damage and increases FRC
So on exclusion basis B is best
Ref. Essential anaesthesia
53-Defect in the formation of bulbus cordis results in all of the following except
A.ASD ✔
B.VSD
54-which structure is produced in 3rd week of development
A.Heart tube ✔
B.tonsil
C.genital ridge
D.thyroid gland
E.parathyroid gland
55-Mesonephric duct functional remnant or unit
A.Epididymis
B.Ductus deferens
C.Vagina
D.uterus
Ans.A and B both. ✔
Ref. KLM
56-Not a neoplasia
A. Choristoma
B. Leiomyoma
Ans) A ✔
Leiomyoma is benign tumor
57-Non shivering thermogenesis ??
Ans. Nonshivering thermogenesis..
Brown fat in 👉neonates
Noradrenaline 👉1st line/rapid
Thyroid 👉late and major source
58-patient during surgery blood transfusion was given. she develops high grade fever, hypotension and shock in post op period due to:
a. graft vs host reaction
b. febrile non hemolytic reaction
c. anaphylactic shock
d. bacterial contaminated blood
Ans : Its D ✔
Previously i have been answering B abt it .. so nw i read abt it ..
And D seems more appropriate ..
Ref. Davidson
59-At rest venous return is equal to?
A. Pulmonary blood flow
B. Cardiac output ✔
60-At normal conditions both are equal?
A . Pulmonary blood flow &venous return
B. Venous return and cardiac output ✔
61-Hep b diagnosis? ?
A. Hbs antigen + anti hbc ✔
B. Hbsag + hbe antigen
62-In asthenuria what to b checked to see tubular concentrating function?
A. Urinary Na ✔
B. Hyperosmolar plasma
63-What happen in man who received 2 L of normal saline infusion?
A. Increase ECF volume ✔
B. Decrease urine osmolarity
C. Increase urine osmolarity
64-Difference between hypovolemic n septic shock?
A. Increase cardiac output ✔
B . Temperature
65-Visceral pericardium is supplied by
A)Vagus nerve
B)cardiac plexus
Ans) controversial.
Cardiac plexus through sympathetic trunk supplying visceral pericardium. Not single bo0k denying tht.
Abt vagus . Rj last doesnt mention it separately
And Klm says its role is #uncertain
So for me #cardiac_plexus ✔ is more appropriate. Final choice is urz 😊
66-Dry heat kills bacteria by
A.Coagulation of proteins
B.Cell lysis
C.Free radicalformation
D.Direct killing
E.Oxidation
Ans) Moist heat 👉coagulation
Dry heat 👉oxidation
So prefer these ...
if they r not present u can cho0se .. ⬇️ ⬇️
In general these heats kill microorganisms by #denaturingtheir structural protien ..
67-Resection of distal ileum cause impaired absorption of ??
ANS Bile salt >> vit B12
68-shoulder joint is transversed by ???
Answer: long head of bicep
Ref Gray’s anatomy
69-weight of prostate?
Answer:
I'll prefer 18g ✔ here.
In adults its 20g mostly.
Ref. Basic uro
70-Stability of TMJ ?
Ans: Temporomandibular ligament
71-Least common site of ectopic pregnancy ??
A. ovaries
B. cervix
Answer: Ovaries (cpsp key )
72-extraembyonic mesoderm derived from
a Epiblast
b hypoblast
c Endoderm
Answer: Actually both form mentioned in langmans and Klm
Choice is urz ..
73-Food poisioning in 10 people ??
A. Infectivity
B. Pathogenicity
C. Virulence
Ans Virulence ✔ seems best to me
74-Homocysteinuria
A. vit B6
B. Vit B12
Ans) I prefer B12 more
75-Confirmatory test for AIDS??
A. Western blot
B. PCR
C. ELISA
Ans) Western blot ✔
Ref. Harrison
76-In normal person decrease acid secretion causes
A anormal protein digestion
B increase gastric secretion
C inhibition of acid secretion
Ans ) A and B both correct.
I prefer A ✔
77-Circulating tumor cell most widely diagnosed by??
A. Tumor markers
B. Peripheral blood film
Ans. Peripheral blood film ✔for me
Ref. Robbins
78-The most probable cause of edema in cirrhosis of liver is??
A. Hypoproteinemia
B. Portal hypertension
Ans B ref goljan
79-Libman sack endocarditis ??
Ans. In Robbins Mitral and tricuspid both mentioned …..Dosri bo0ks m aortic hai ..Choice is urz
80-Low osmolarity segment
A. DCt
B. Thick ascending limb
Ans Lowest osm in nephron..
🔹️Among these/normally cho0se
Proximal dct ✔
Otherwise.
🔹️In absence of adh...
Medullary collecting tubules ✔
🔹️In presence of adh..
81-Partial resection of both recurrent laryngeal nerve occur3d what will happen to vocal cord???
A. Paramedian
B. Middle posion
Ans) Both ho skti.
Midline ✔ prefer krain
82-A Lady with loss of blood about 1500ml, after few days her serum ACTH level was low and later it
was found that her adrenal gland size was reduced to 2 g( normal size 4-5) , what is the cause
A. Atrophy of medulla
B. Atrophy of cortex
C. Ischemic infarction
Ans. I prefer B ✔
In Robbins its mentioned acute hemorrhagic necrosis causes loss of adrenal cortex hence adrenocortical insufficiency occurs
83- 1st line of defense in inflammation??
Ans Guyton says ..tissue Macrophage
84-All of the following statement are true for intestinal motility except..
A. It doesn't depend on gastric motility...
B. Increased by CCK
Ans. A
85-Csf pressure ..
60- 150mm of water
10- 25 cm of water.. which to choose?
Ans) Prefer A ✔
Ref. Snell neuro
86-TPN contraindicated in
A. Liver failure ✔
B. Uncompensated DM
87- Beta blocker increase?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. hyperglycemia
Ans) Hypoglycemia ✔
Ref. Go0dman & Gilman
88-CNS tumor due to radiation
A. Glioblastoma
B. Meningioma
C. Craniopharyngioma
Ans) B ✔
89-Potent stimulus for GH
Ans) Strenuous exercise ✔
Ref. Guyton
90-the following cells play an important role in skin allograft rejection
A. Macrophages
B. B lymphocytes ✔
If T lymphocyte present will cho0se tht. In evry bo0k i read allograft rejection is cos of lymphocytes.
91-most important prerequisite for renal transplant
A. Abo incompability
B. HLA testing ✔
Initial..Abo
Most imp. Hla
92-patient was given blood transfusion, n he develops hypersensitivity. The type of HSR is
A. Type 1
B. Type 2 ✔
93-IgE is found on surface of which cells
Mast ✔ >>Basophil
94-Medical student scrubbed in surgery, collapsed bp90/50 cause
A. Dec CO
B. Loss of VMT
C. Vasodilation
D. Dec TPR
Ans) vasovagal syncope Vasodilation ✔
95-Fine movement controlled by??
Ans Fine motor 👉cerebellum
🔹️Voluntary,discrete, rapid, skilled
movements 👉 corticospinal
Ref. Snell & txt bo0k of neuro
96- Auto regulation is not seen in
A. Liver
B. Skin
Ans cho0se skin >> liver
When no skin mention in options thn prefer liver ..
97-Conversion of chondrocyte into osteoblast??
A. GH ✔
B. Thyroxin
98-Which type of collagen increases strength of wound?
Ans. Type 1 ✔
99-Fator affecting collagen synthesis
A. infection
B. vit c
Ans.B ✔ is more imp in synthesis of collagen
100-Following is most imp in delayed wound healing
A. fever
B. anemia ✔
Mnemonics:
Some easy Pneumonics
Golgi "Tendon" "T"....--------->it controls "T"ension" of muscles....
Muscle Spind"L"e------>it controls "L"ength of mucle.....
Boh"R"s effect------------>"R"ight shift daviation
Ha"L"dene effect------->"L"eft shift daviation
s"E"condary centre of ossification---->"E"piphysis.....
"MI"cturation reflex="MI"dbrain
"P"neumotaxic centre="P"ons
hypo"T"halamus="T"hirst.."T"empeature
Rest all r i.e respiaration..swallowing.. vominting etc etc controlled by "Medulla oblongata"...
1-Deep to posterior digastric and near palatoglossus a structure runs obliquely upwards?
A. Lingual Artery💥
B. Facial artery
2-Vertical artery runs obliquely upwards under submandibular gland is
A. Lingual artery
B. Facial artery💥
3.Lacrimal gland receives parasympathetic from pterygopalatine ganglion that receives preganglionic fiber from
1.deep petrosal nerve
2.lesser petrsol nerve
3.greater superficial petrosal nerve💥
4.ciliary nerve
4.Which nerve passes through petrotympanic fissure?
a)greater petrosal nerve
b)Lesser petrosal nerve
c) Chorda tympani💥
d)facial nerve
*(CHORDA* *TYMPANI>LESSER* *PETROSAL* *NERVE)*
5.Sphenopalatine ganglion associated wth?
A. Greater superficial petrosal nerve💥
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve
C. Deep petrosal nerve
6.Excessive nasal secretions, which nerve damaged?
A. Superficial greater petrosal nerve
B. Deep petrosal nerve 💥
(DEEP petrosal nerve having sympathetic fibres, greater petrosal has parasympathetic)
7.Foramen lacerum transmit
A. Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery💥
B. Nerve to pterygoid canal
C.Internal carotid artery
D. Greater petrosal nerve
E. Deep petrosal nerve
(Foramen Lacerum contents:MEIG
1.structures that passes WHOLLY thru it→Meningeal branch if Ascending pharyngeal artery+Emissary Veins
2.Structures that PARTIALLY Traverses it→Internal Carotid artery+Greater Petrosal nerve!
So here we prefer AAAAAA!)
8.Nerve supply of lacrimal glands –
[A]. Greater petrosal nerve💥
[B]. Lesser petrosal nerve
[C]. Deep petrosal nerve
[D]. External petrosal nerve
9.Young adult involved in RTA, got injury to middle cranial fossa, bleeding from the internal ear. After recovery presents with loss of tear formation. Injury to which structure occur
A. Greater superficial petrosal nerve💥
B. Deep petrosal nerve
C. Interaortocaval plexus
D. Ciliary ganglion
E. Carotid plexus
10.Otic ganglion lies under
A. Foramen ovale(inferior border)💥
B. Foramen spinosum
C. Maxillary nerve
D. Stylomastiod foramen
11.Dryness of eyes and
nose
1.otic ganglion
2.sympathetic chain
3.pterygopalatine ganglion 💥
* Very High-Yield MCQ - CPSP copied from BRS Series *
Q. A young girl complains of dryness of the nose and the palate.This would indicate a lesion of which of the following ganglia?
(A) Nodose ganglion
(B) Otic ganglion
(C) Pterygopalatine ganglion[Answer]
(D) Submandibular ganglion
(E) Ciliary ganglion
The answer is C. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate glands in the palate and nasal mucosa. The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion supply the parotid gland, those from the submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual glands, and those from the ciliary ganglion supply the ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae. The nodose (inferior) ganglion of the vagus nerve is a sensory ganglion.
Q. Autonomic ganglia for CN3:
A. Otic ganglion
B. Pterygopalatine ganglion
C. Ciliary ganglion💥
*C*
Ciliary > 3rd CN
Otic > 9th CN
pterygo > 7th.
▪Motor loss + Sensory loss upper limb = MCA
▪Motor loss + Sensory loss lower limb = ACA
▪Motor loss + Aphasia = Left Cortex
▪Motor loss + Hemineglect = Right Cortex
▪Motor loss + Judgement, conc, orientation= Frontal lobe
▪Motor loss + agraphia, acalculia = Dominant parietal cortex
▪Contralateral paralysis with abscence of cortical signs like neglect, aphasia, visula field= Internal Capsule
▪Pure Motor stroke = Internal capsule
In internal capsule lesion sensory loss may be present bcz fibers from sensory cortex also move with motor fibers but No cortical sign will be present in Internal capsule lesion
▪Loss of motivation, judgement = Frontal lobe
▪Brocas area = Inferior Frontal Gyrus
▪Wernikis area = Superior temporal gyrus
▪Auditary Cortex = Superior temporal gyrus
▪Primary Visual Cortex = Area 17 Occipital lobe
▪Right sides paralysis and LEFT tongue deviation = LEFT sided ASA
▪9 10 11 CN gone, dysphagia, hoarseness and ipsilateral hornor syndrome = PICA
▪6 7 8 CN gone, decrease salivation, lacrimation, taste anterior2/3 and ipsilateral hornor syndrome= AICA
▪Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing= PCA
▪Chorea = Caudate
▪Hemiblismis = Contralateral subthalmic nuclei
▪Hemineglect = Non dominant parietal cortex
▪Amnesia = Hippocampus
▪Most vulnerable to ischemia = Hippocampus
▪Intention tremers = Cerebellum
▪Truncal ataxia = Vermix of cerebellum
▪Resting tremers = Parkinsonism
▪Hyperphagia, hypersexuality = Amgydala
▪Straitum = caudate + putamen
▪Lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus
▪Cannot eat = lateral hypothalamus (hunger area)
▪Eats alot = Ventromedial nucleus (staiety centre)
▪Cooling Centre of body by sweating = anterior is AC Anterior hypothalamus
▪Heating Centre of body by shivering = Posterior hypothalamus
▪Circaradian rhythm = Suprachiasmatic nucleus
▪ADH synthesis = Supraoptic nucleus
▪Oxytocin synthsis = Paraventricular nucleus
1. Which of the following is a synovial joint of the condylar variety : knee joint (Note if knee joint not given in options look for temporomandibular joint if thats also not
present choose metacarpophalyngeal joint)
2. immobile joint : suture
3. First costosternal joint and all costochondral joints are Synarthosis and Synchondrosis
4. Ear ossicles articulate with each other through which type of joints : Synovial
5. Which is a hinge joint : Elbow
6. Joint at knee is which type of joint : Diarthrosis
7. Vomer-sphenoidal rostrum junction is :Syndesmosis
8. Primary cartilaginous joints/synchondrosis : covered by hyaline cartilage
9. First costosternal joint is synchondrosis and synarthrosis (if both are given in options
choose synchondrosis
10. Symphysis pubis joint = Secondary cartilaginous joint and amphiarthosis.
( all midline joints are secondary cartilaginous joints like symphysis menti, joint between vertebrae, symphysis pubic etc )
11. Type of joint between coccyx and scrum = symphysis.
12. Fibrocartilage = present b/w intervertebral discs
13. Vartebral Disc tensile strength due to = Fibrocartilgous
14. First carpometacarpal is = saddle joint (In saddle joints, concave surface and a convex surface of the articulating bones form saddle like shape ,that’s how its named saddle joint )
15. Which of the following is a pivot joint = Atlanto axial joint
16. Articular cartilage most commonly = On epiphysis of long bones in synovial joints
17. Sacro Iliac joint have both synovial and fibrous components if both options given choose
synovial
18. secondary cartilagenous joint between. pubic symp
19. One of the following is a primary cartilaginous joint=Costochondral junctions
1. N.injury during post hip approach → Sciatic n.
2. N.injury during distal femoral approach (or # in neck of Fibula) → Common peroneal.
3. Injury in lower end of fibula → Pott’s fracture.
4. Nerve emerges at the lower border of the psoas major ms. causing numbness over the thigh → Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (Meralgia Paresthetica).
5. Patient has foot drop. N involved → Sciatic or Common peroneal or Deep peroneal n.
6. Loss of sensation over the 1st web space → Deep peroneal n.
7. Loss of sensation over the medial leg → Saphenous n.
8. During the medial ankle approach, which n. will be affected → Saphenous n.
9. Surgery to the short saphenous vein, which n will be affected → Sural n.
10. Knee scope then sensory loss just below the knee on the medial aspect → Infra patellar branch.
11. Anterior compartment syndrome of the leg, the pain is present with planter flexion of the big toe, associated numbness will be in → 1st web space (sensory for DPN).
12. Patient injured fibular bone #, loss of eversion movement of ankle → superficial peroneal Nerve.
13. Patient has pain with plantar flexion after tibial fracture. Dx → Anterior compartment Syndrome (deep peroneal Nerve first web space).
14. Tendon posterior to lateral malleous prone to injury → Peroneus Brevis.
15. Nerve supplies to the thigh → Medial Obturator / Lateral cutaneous of femoral N. /Posterior sciatic Nerve.
16. Nerve supply of legs → Anterior extensors: Deep Peroneal N, Lateral compartment: superficial Peroneal N, Posterior flexors: tibial N.
17. Superficial peroneal N supplies → Lateral Compartment (peroneus longus M & peroneus Brevis M) and lateral & dorsum of foot except 1st web space.
18. Deep Peroneal N supplies → Anterior compartment + First dorsal web space.
19. The only sensory nerve of leg that is not part of sciatic → Saphenous N from Femoral nerve.
20. Pt had injury and is unable to extend his knees. Ms affected → Quadriceps femoris M.
21. Commonest site of peripheral aneurysm → Popliteal Artery.
22. Lymph Drainage of fascia-lata → to Deep Inguinal node.
23. Course of posterior Tibial A. → Mid way between Medial malleolus and tendo calceneous.
Below the mid way from umbilicus to symphysis pubis → Arcuate Line “defective Post rectus sheath (NO muscle only fascia transversalis) No it is. But anterior there will be 3M (external and internal oblique and transversis abdominis)”.
Umbilical area Lymphatic drainage → above umbilicus → Axillary LN, below umbilicus → Inguinal LN.
The Neurovescular bundle in Abdomen is btw → Internal oblique & transverse abdominis.
Below the arcuate line layers form post. Rectus sheath → ONLY fascia transversalis.
Muscle initiate shoulder abduction → Supraspinatous.
Radial head articulates with → capitulum.
Radial head is inclosed in → Annular lig.
Pt can’t flex Distal Phalanx → Flexor Digitorum Profundus injury.
Adductor pollicis muscle is supplied by → Ulnar N.
Abductor pollicis Brevis of hand is supplied by → Median N.
Pt’s hand on table can’t left thumb to seiling → Abductor Pollicis Brevis affected.
Pt injured in the wrist on medial side in pinch paper froment’s test, pt do abnormal pinching by flexing his thump → weak Adductor pollicis.
Thenar Muscle supplied by → Median N except Adductor pollicis.
Hypothenar Muscle supplied by → Ulnar N.
Test to assess median nerve muscles → Tinnle and phalen’s tests.
In carpal tunnel release what muscle encountered superficial to it → Palmaris longus.
Scaphoid gets blood supply form → the distal pole. Necrosis in proximal part.
Relation of the ulnar n. to the ulnar a → Nerve is ULNAR to the artery.
Relation of the Median n. to the brachial a. → Lateral, Anterior then Medial.
Wingining of the scapula → n. to serratus ant. (Long thoracic n) C5, 6, 7.
After axillary clearance, when she pick up a knife, her wrist flexes → Posterior cord Injury Not radial N.
Axillary n. injury, the deltoid ms is affected, 2nd ms affected → Teres minor ms.
Wrist injury + Thenar imminence atrophy → Median nerve injury.
Nerve specific for opposition → Recurrent branch of median n.
Loss of thumb adduction → deep ulnar n.
Fluid distribution in Body → IntraCellular 2/3 28L, Extra Cellular 1/3 14L, as follows: (10L in interstitial, 3 L in Plasma 1 L in transcellular).
Main coagulation pathway → Extrinsic pathway.
In extrinsic pathway factors → 7 & 3 – Warfarin (prothrombin time PT).
In intrinsic pathway factors → 8-9-11-12 – Heparin APTT.
In common pathway factors → 10&5.
Pt has Pyloric stenosis or excessive vomiting. Acidbase distubance → Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis.
Pt has signs of Ischemia of bowel due to Mesentric infration. Acidbase distubance → Metabolic acidosis.
Pt has PE/early saliyate poisoning. Acidbase disturbance → Respiratory Alkalosis.
Pt has COPD /Ashtma/ over use of opiod or sedatives. Acidbase distubance → Respiratory Acidosis.
Pt has DM, on Metformin. Acidbase distubance → Metabolic Acidosis (lactic).
The main determinant to the cerebral blood flow → ICP.
CPP increased after trauma so it can be decreased by decreasing → Mean arterial pressure.
What is the physiological process to decrease the ICP → by Hyperventilation.
JVP increases in → Expiration, Exercise, Lying Supine, Sup.vena cava obstruction, Increased intrathoracic pressure in pregnancy and hypervolaemia.
JVP decrease in → inspiration, Standing, Hypovolaemia, Decreased intrathoracic pressure.
Platue phase in cardiac action potential is due to → Ca2 influx.
The tricuspid valve close in which phase of cardiac cycle → isovolumetric ventricular contraction (C wave).
Rapid ventricular filling happen in which phase of cardiac cycle → Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.
1. Callot triangle, medial boundary → *Hepatic duct*.
2. Pringles maneuver, what is in direct risk of injury → *CBD*.
3. Lt renal vein compression near SMA... → *Nutcracker syndrome*.
4. Cystic duct supplied by → *cystic artery*.
5. Common bile duct supplied by → *Hepatic Artery*.
6. Which vessel pass in front of the uncinate process of the pancreas → *SMA*.
7. Ant. To the neck of the pancreas → *Pyloroduodenal junction*.
8. Post. relation of the body of the pancreas → *Left crus of the diaphragm*.
9. The upper end of the Rt Kidney → *doesn’t reach the 11th rib post*.
10. Left renal vein relation to the SMA → *Post*.
11. Posterior relation to both 1st and 3rd of duodenum → *Inferior vena Cava*.
12. Which aortic branch is likely to be affected with AAA near the renal vein → *SMA*.
13. Left renal vein relation to the left renal A at the hilum → *Vein is Anterior*.
14. Ant. relation of the Rt suprarenal gland → *IVC and the Liver*.
15. Post. relation to the Rt suprarenal gland → *Rt Cruss of the diaphragm*.
16. Ant. Relation to the Lt suprarenal gland → *Stomach*.
17. Veins descend Ant. To the ureters → *Gonadal veins*.
18. N. Injury after Gridirons incision → *Ilio-inguinal n*.
19. N. Injury after inguinal hernia surgery → *Ilio-inguinal n*.
20. While giving local anesthesia for inguinal hernia surgery. N. Injury → *Femoral n*. may be affected resulting in weakness in hip flexion and knee extension.
21. Nerve injury after Ant. Resection or Abdomino-perineal excision → *Hypogastric plexus*.
22. Erectile dysfunction after abdominal surgery → *Splanchnic n*. injury.
23. Fecal incontinent after normal delivery → *Pueodendal n*. injury (S234).
24. During ligation of short gastric arteries for splenectomy. Which organ can be injured → *Tail of pancreas*.
25. Suprarenal blood supply 3 Arteries → Inf*. *Phrenic* → *Superior*, *Aorta* → *Middle & Renal* → inferior
1. Cornea is 1/6th of eyeball.
2. Diameter = 12 mm horizontal and 11 mm vertical
3. Thickness = 0.5 mm
4. Thinner at center = 0.5 - 0.6 mm,
5. Thicker at periphery = 0.7 mm to 1 mm
6. Radius of curvature of anterior surface = 7.7 mm.
Radius of curvature of posterior surface = 6.9 mm
(less in myopic eye) (Snell)
7. Refractive index = 1.37
8. Anterior surface of the cornea is the maximum
contributor (43 Dioptre) to the total refractive power
of the eye (59 Dioptre)
9. Corneal reflex afferent is by ophthalmic branch of
trigeminal nerve.
10. Corneal reflex pathway goes through trigeminal
ganglion to sensory cortex.
11. Corneal reflex is infrequent in infants.
1. N. Injury in the post triangle → Spinal accessory n. (CN11).
2. Patient unable to shrug the shoulder. N involved → Spinal accessory n.
3. Patient with torticollis. N involved → Spinal accessory n.
4. After endarterectomy, the patient had deviated tongue. N involved → Hypoglossal n.
5. Numbness at the angle of the lower jaw. N involved → Great auricular n. (C2–3).
6. All of the following passes through SOF except >> Ophthalmic a.
7. Ophthalmic A passes through → Optic canal.
8. Maxillary N. passes through → Foramen Rotundum.
9. Mandibular N. passes through → Foramen Ovale.
10. CN9, 10, 11 passes through → Jugular foramen.
11. MMA passes through → Foramen Spinosum.
12. Internal carotid A passes over → Foramen lacerum.
13. Hypoglossal N. passes through → Hypoglossal canal (Anterior condylar foramen).
14. Ophthalmic N. passes through >> SOF.
15. Cerebello-pontine angle lesion, what is the lesion and affected nerves → Acoustic neuroma which affects CN 7, 8.
16. The patient hit on the vertex, which sinus is affected → Superior sagittal sinus.
17. Vertebral A. is a branch from → Subclavian a.
18. Vertebral A. passes through → Foramen transversarium of C6.
19. Fracture of the middle 1/3 of the clavicle, which vessel will be affected → Subclavian vein.
20. Branches of the internal carotid A. → Ophthalmic A, Anterior choroidal A, Anterior cerebral A, Middle cerebral A & posterior communicating A.
21. Stroke with ACA. Presentation → Lower Limb more affected.
22. N. is not contained in the post. Triangle >> Ansa cervicalis 1 2 3.
23. Phrenic N. is in which triangle → Post triangle of neck.
24. During the thyroidectomy, the infra hyoid strap ms are divided in its → near Upper part.
25. Neurovascular structures in the parotid gland → N. V. A N. Facial n V, Retromandibular v. A, ECA and its 2 terminal branches.
1. *First branch of internal carotid a.* → *Ophthalmic a.*
2. *Numbness over the lower lip after tooth extraction* → *Inferior alveolar n.*
3. *Loss of general sensation at the side / anterior of the tongue* → *Lingual n.*
4. *Submandibular gland injury and pt tongue deviation* → *Hypoglossal n.*
5. *Nerve injury during Submandibular gland surgery near the duct* → *Lingual n.*
6. *Most common Nerve injury in the cav. Sinus* → *Abducent.*
7. *Site of origin of vagus and CN9 nerve* → *Medulla.*
8. *Unilateral soft palate and tongue reduced sensation, site of origin of involved CN* → *Medulla.*
9. *Which cranial N. that doesn’t contain parasympathetic fibers* → *Optic n.*
10. *Origin of the 3rd CN “Occulomotor”* → *Midbrain.*
11. *Numbness at the chin. N involved* → *Mental n. branch of Inf alveolar n. (V3).*
12. *Numbness over the cheek. N involved* → *Infra‑orbital n.*
13. *Nerve supplying forehead above eye* → *Supra‑orbital n.*
14. *Numbness over the lower lip. N involved* → *Inferior‑alveolar n.*
15. *Numbness over the lower lip and paralysis of ms of mastication. N involved* → *(V3).*
16. *With intracranial hge Increase Internal cranial pressure, which N is commonly affected* → *Abducent n.*
17. *Single test to differentiate between UMNL and LMNL for the facial n.* → *Inability of Eyebrow elevation.*
18. *N. Injury during parotid gland surgery nerve injured* → *Facial N.*
19. *N. Injury during parotid gland surgery dropping of the lip asymmetrical smile* → *Marginal mandibular branch of facial n.*
20. *N Injury during superficial dissection of the parotid gland* → *Great auricular n.*
21. *Hoarseness of voice following thyroidectomy* → *Vagus n. or its branch RLN.*
22. *Which N. gives motor supply to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid* → Accessory n.
1.Talus is the 2nd largest tarsal bone form pillar of the Medial arch.
2..Talus anterior articulate with Navicular bone and inferior has 2 facets medial and lateral for articulate with calcaneum
3.. Calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bone framework of the Heel.
4.. common fracture bone in hand... scaphoid bone
5.. Most common dislocated bone in hand.. Lunate bone
6..The most common site of fracture of femur is ...Neck
7.. The most common bone fracture in old age...Femur
8..After knee joint dislocation most important is the assessment of dorsalis pedis Artery
9..The largest bone in hand...capitate bone
10..The largest bone in Foot is calcaneum bone
11..The largest bone in body Femur bone
12.. smallest bone is. Pisiform in hand
13.Ankle joint ... synovial joint... formed by Talus of foot and Tibia and fibula of leg
14..The ankle joint mainly allows hinge- like Dorsiflexion and plantar flextion of the foot on the leg
15.. Dorsiflexion by .. Tibialis Anterior, PERONEUS Tertius
16.. PLANTAR FLEXTION..BY Peroneus Longus, PERONEUS Brevis, plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius
17..Knee joint is the largest synovial joint ( hinge) in the body and Allow flexion and extension
18..The joint b/ t the femur and the patella is a synovial plane gliding joints
19 . fibula doesn't participate in the knee joint
20.. Structure inside the knee joint is intracapsular structure are 1.Cruciate ligament and 2. popliteus muscle tendon and 2 meniscus
20.. Medial meniscus attached to capsule by Medial ( tibial) collateral ligament
21.. lateral meniscus is unattached to the capsule..
22. Lateral ( fibular) collateral ligament is separated from lateral meniscus by popliteus tendon.
23. Patella is the largest sesamoid bone
24.Inversion and eversion occurs in Subtalar joints
25.. Inversion by...Tibialis Anterior and Tibialis posterior, extensor Hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus ( Medial fiber)
26.. Eversion by.. Peroneus longus, Brevis abd Tertius, extensor digitorum longus ( lateral fiber)
27.. Medial Arch..
➖ pillar of medial arch formed by Talus bone
➖ Formed by all tarsal bone except.. Cuboid bone and lateral tarsal bone
➖The most imp ligament in medial arch is.. ..plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
28.. Lateral Arch.
➖ formed by Cuboid bone, Lateral two metatarsal and calcaneum bone
29.. Transverse Arch..
Cuboid bone, 3 cuneiform bones and base of metatarsal bone
30..The Hip joint is ball and socket joint
31.. strongest and imp ligament of hip joint is ... iliofemoral ligament and "Y" shape and prevent Hyperextension and lateral rotation
32..ischiofemoral ligament is weakest and spiral ligament and prevents Medial rotation
33.. Pubofemoral ligament.. triangular in shape prevents extensive abduction and lateral rotation
34.. Anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL).. prevents anterior Dislocation of Tibia on Femur and posterior Dislocation of FEMUR on Tibia and + Anterior drawer sign ...ACL
35.. posterior Cruciate ligament... prevents anterior Dislocation of FEMUR on Tibia and posterior Dislocation of Tibia of FEMUR.
36
. Ligamentum patellae is continuation of the tendon of quadriceps femoris
37.. Oblique popliteal ligament..it strengthens the posterior aspect of the capsule and tendinous expansion of semimembranosus muscle
38..Medial collateral ligament..medial stabilizer of the knee and more common injury by direct lateral blow of knee
39.. Lateral collateral ligament..is less common but more disabling occur via hyperextension or direct blow from the Medial side
40..Deltoid ligament ( Medial) ligament is largest, strongest and triangular in shape.and injury occurs due to Excessive Eversion of foot
41 .. Lateral ligament weakest ligament type of injury is inversion
42. Lateral ligament has 3 band, Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligament but most common injury is anterior talofibular ligaments
43. Plantaris tendon ruptured.. can stand on toe but painful
44. Achilles tendon ruptured.. can't stand on toes and walk become difficult
45. The gluteus maximus, glutes medius and gluteus minmus are originate from the ilium and sacrum and insert on the femur
46. The anterior compartment of the thigh extends the leg at the knee joint
47. The posterior compartment of the thigh extent the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the legs at the knee joint
48. Medial compartment adduct the thigh at the hip joint
49. All Muscles of the anterior compartment supply by femoral nerve except psoas which is supplied by lumber plexus
50. The muscles which flex the thigh and extend the legs is Rectus femoris
51. Sartoirus muscle flexes both hip and knee joints
52. Vastus lateralis.contribute in stability of knee joint
53. Fracture of ASIS demage to the sartoirus muscle
54. Psoas muscle is supply by lumber plexus and form medical arcuate ligament and
55. Painless Swelling on the inguinal region is psoas abscess ( Triad fever, back pain and limp)
56. During psoas abcess position of comfort is supine with knee moderately flex,hip mildly rotated
57. Medial compartment muscles ( obturator extraneous,gracilis adductor brevis and longus and adductor Magnus) are Hip adductor and supply by obturator nerve
58. In Adductor Magnus muscle , adductor portion supply by obturator and Hamstrings portion by the Tibial nerve
59. Posterior compartment contains Hamstring muscle help in "Extended hip and flex knee " imp for walking and running
60. Bicep femoris.short head supply by common peroneal nerve.. flex knee...long head supply by Tibial nerve... Extend hip
61. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus. Extend hip and flex knee
62. Anterior compartment of legs collectively Dorsiflexion the foot at the ankle joint, extend the toes and invert the foot and all muscle inverted by the deep fibular nerve ( branch of the fibular nerve)
63. Lowe legs compartment syndrome involved in anterior compartment muscle
64. Numbness in the webspace of first and 2nd toe is due to compression of Deep peroneal nerve
65. Posterior ( flexor) compartment MAINLY plant-flex and invert the foot and flex toes and invert by Tibial nerve
66. Lateral compartment muscle Evert the foot and inverted by superficial fibular nerve
67. GREATER sciatic foramen.. content.A. pudendal N ,b. Piriformis muscle, c.superior and inferior gluteal N and vessels,d N to obturator internus and quadratus femoris and internal PUDENDAL vessels
68. Lesser sciatic foramen..a pudendal N,b tendon and N to obturator internus and internal PUDENDAL vessels
69. INGUNAL CANAL..( MALT.. pneumonic)
A..Superior wall (ROOF) by
. internal oblique -M and Trasverseus Abdominus - M
B. Anterior wall - 2 Aponeurosis
Aponeurosis of- I- oblique and E- Oblique
C.Lower wall.( floor).. Inguinal -L and lacunar - L
D.. posterior wall
Trasverseus fascia and conjoint tendon
Contents...
Spermatic cord in Male and Round ligament in female and ilioinguinal - N
70.. spermatic cord..
Contents..
Testicular - A and vein (pampiniform plexus) lymph vessels, vas deference, Autonomic - N , Remains of process vaginalis and genital branch of genitofemoral - N which supply cremasteric muscle
72.Femoral CANAL..
Anatomical compartment and located in anterior thigh, smallest and medial part of femoral sheath
Border..
A.Medial - B➖ lacunar - L
B.Lateral - B➖.Femoral vein
C.ANTERIOR - B..➖inguinal - L
D. Posterior -B.➖ Pectineal - L
Contents..
Lymph vessels
Deep lymph node
Empty space
Loose connective tissues
73.The empty space of femoral canal help in increse venous return or increase intra- abdominal pressure
74.The empty space site of femoral hernia and high risk of strangulation
75.in repair of Femoral hernia the femoral vein in Risk of injury because immediate lateral to femoral canal
76.. FEMORAL RING..the Femural ring is the base of the femoral canal..and part of the intestine sometimes can pass through the Femoral ring into the femoral canal causing Femora Hernia.
BOUNDARIES...
A. Anterior - B.. inguinal - L
B. Posterior - B.. superior ramus of pubis
C. Medial - B.. lacunar - L
D.. Lateral -B..Femoral ven
77.. inguinal ligament is the most common structure of Femoral and the Hesselbech's triangle it form the superior border/ base of Femoral triangle and inferior border/ base of Hesselbech's triangle
78.. FEMORAL TRIANGLE..
BOUNDARIES.
A.Superiorly/ base... inguinal ligament
B.Laterally..the sartoirus anterior
C.Medially..the adductor longus Muscle
D.. Apex...point inferiorly and continue with an adductor canal
Contents...
Femoral vein, artery and sheath empty space and deep inguinal lymph node
79..Deep inguinal ring is created by trasversalis fascia, which invaginate to form the covering of the content of the ingunal canal
80.. superficial inguinal ring is triangular in shaped opening formed by the invagination of the external oblique
81.. inguinal nerve only travels through part of the inguinal canal existing via the superficial inguinal ring it does not pass through the deep inguinal ring
82.. FEMORAL SHEATH..
formed by the extension of the 2 layers of the fascia of the abdominal wall, anterior wall of the sheath formed by fascia trasversalis and posterior wall by fascia iliaca
83.The femoral canal ( femoral ring) most medial portion of Femural SHEATH
84.femoral vein lateral to femoral SHEATH
85.. CONTENTS OF FEMORAL SHEATH....From lateral to Medial...
A. Lateral compartment, femoral Artery
B.. intermediate compartment Femoral vein
C.Medial compartment.. Femoral canal,empty space and lymph node
85.. Hesselbech's Triangle...
Boundaries..
A. Medially.. Lateral border of the Rectus muscle
B.Laterally...inferior epigastric Artery
C.inferiorly/ base.... inguinal ligament
Significant....
1.. Direct ingunal Hernia occurs through Hesselbech's triangle and medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
2.. indirect inguinal hernia pass lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels lateral to the Hesselbech's triangle
3.. femoral hernia below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
87..Adductor CANAL or Hunters canal.
Boundaries.
A.anteromedial...sartorius
B.. Lateral..
Vastus medialis
C.. posterior.. Adductor longus and Magnus
Contents..
Femoral Artery and vein, obturator nerve, saphenous nerve and nerve to the vastus medialis
88.. saphenous opening ( saphenous hiatus, fossa ovalis) is an aval opening in the upper mid part of the fascia lata of the thigh.
89. Saphenous opening.. transmits..great saphenous vein, superficial epigastric Artery, superficial external pudendal artery and femoral branch of the Genitofemoral nerve
90. Popliteal fossa..
boundaries ..
A.. upper lateral- B
Bicep femoris - M
B.. upper medial - B
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus - M
C.Two- Lateral - B..
The Head of gastrocnemius - M
D.. Floor of the fossa is formed by the capsule of knee and femur,tibia and popliteal fossa
E Roof..by deep fascia
Contents... Tibia-N , popliteal vein and artery and comma peroneal - N Medial to biceps femoris tendon
91.. popliteal artery deep to the neurovascular structure in popliteal fossa and difficult to palpate, usually by deep palpitations medial to midline.
92.. Inferior gluteal - N .supply...Gluteus maximus...fuction.. Extension of thigh and legs...injury... posterior Dislocation of the hip..Note after injury pt unable to stand, climb stairs and unable to standing from sitting position.
93... superior gluteal - N.. ( L4 to S1). Exit via GREATER sciatic foramen superior to piriformis Muscle ... supply... glutes medius, glutes minimus and tensor fascia latae... function.. Abductor and Medially rotate the thigh at the hip....injury..occur due to posterior hip Dislocation or polio or stab wound above the piriformis muscle... Note... positive Trendelenburg sign, glutes medius limp or waddling gait,.... injury ...glutes medius and minimus paralysis.. pelvic Will sink on opposite side ( the side which sink is normal)
94.. Femoral nerve Root..L2 To L4
95 ..The femoral nerve branch ( saphenous nerve) supplies skin on the Medial side of knee ,legs and foot
96.. femoral injury causes...loss of knee jerk, Anesthesia on the anterior thigh
97.. obturator nerve ( L2 to L4) is a branch of Lumber flexes ... supply Medial / adductor compartment of thigh and closely related to bladdder... injury... 1.anterior Dislocation of hip joint....2.injury mostly 2 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle...3.. Radical retropubic prostatectomy..
Impairment... adduction of thigh is lost and SENSORY loss on the Medial thigh
98...The sciatic nerve ( L4 to S3) is the largest nerve of the body...leave the pelvic cavity through greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis....pass through gluteal region in thigh divided into 2 brach A... common peroneal nerve.and .B..Tibial nerve,..The posterior division of L4 to S2 are carried in the common fibular part and anterior division of L4 to S3 are carried in the Tibial part..... Note...to avoid sciatic nerve injury inj should be given in upper outer quadrant of the buttock.
99.. COMMON PERONEAL NERVE...( L4 to S2)... supply all Muscle of anterior and lateral compartment of legs and short head of bicep in posterior compartment of thigh ... sensory or cutaneous on the anterolateral surface of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot.....
100..CPN...use for Eversion and Dorsiflexion ( PED)
101...Injury OF CPN....blow to lateral aspect of leg and fracture of neck of fibula
102..CPN INJURY...foot drop and Inversion ( Eversion of foot loss).. Dorsiflexion of foot loss, Extension of toe loss, sensory loss of anterolateral leg and dorsum of the foot.
103...CPN and anterior Tibial Artery involved in anterior compartment syndrome.( Pain on passive movement
104.. CPN INJURY foot drop and inverted and pt can't stand on heel's ( foot flap)
105.. superficial peroneal Nerve.. INJURY.... inversion of foot ( loss of eversion)
106..Deep peroneal Nerve.. injury.... foot drop ( inability to Dorsiflexion the foot)
107... TIBIAL NERVE... supply all muscle in the posterior or hamstrings compartment of the thigh ( including the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus) except for the short head of the biceps which are supplied by CPN.
108.. Tibial nerve causes.. inversion and plantar flexion.
109.. Tibial nerve commonly trauma in knee injury
110.injury to Tibial cause Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot at Subtalar and trans flexor joints ( loss of Inversion)
111.. femoral artery continuation of iliac artery
112... Femoral Artery aneurysm presnt as a pulsatile mass below the ingunal ligament
113..mid-ingunal point.. Halfway b/ t the pubic symphysis and anterior Superior iliac spine ( The femoral pulse can be palpated at this point)
114.. Inguinal ligament....attached to the pubic tubercle and anterior Superior iliac spine
115... popliteal artery is the most deep and anterior placed structure in the popliteal fossa..
116.. in Suparcodyle fracture of the distal femur can harm popliteal artery
117.. pain in calf muscles after walking for 100 yards.......Popliteal artery
118... Anterior Tibial artery supply in front of lower end of Tibia and commonly injured in neck of fibula fracture
119..Dorsal pedis artery..brach Anterior Tibial artery and pass b/ t 1st and 2nd metatarsal space..if absent alternative is perforating brach of peroneal Artery or Accessory artery.. Note...pulse of DPA feel b/ t extensor Hallucis longus (Medially) and the tendon of extensor digitorum long ( Laterally)..to the 2nd toe
120... Blood supply of Head...in adult...by Retinaculum artery ( branch of medial circumflex artery). And children by obturator artery
121
..Neck nof femur supply by ..
Medial circumflex Femoral artery and lateral circumflex Femoral artery
122... great saphenous vei. ( 20 valves)...longest vein in body
123... Santorini's plexus...The deep dorsal vein of penis drains into the prostatic venous plexus..
124...In coronary bypass surgery to ease the ischemia of the heart, A section of the great saphenous vein is removed and utilized for aortocoronary grafting bypass an arterial obstruction
125...locking of knee joint by Quadriceps femurs
126..unlocking the knee joint by popliteus
126... injury of fibula... CPN and anterior Tibial artery
127...For BONE Marrow biopsy preferred Medial side of fibula
128... Femoral neck fracture common in avascular necrosis of the Femoral head and artery are Medial circumflex humeral artery involved..
129... The Neck of the femur is inclined at an angle with the shaft ( normal 160 in child and 125 in adult)
130..coxa valga...a increse in the angle is referred to as coxa valga. > 125 And coxa vara.. a decrease in angle is referred to as coxa vara < 125 ...
131...Direct ingunal Hernia..
A.. Medial to the inferior epigastric Artery
B...old age ( common in old age)
C..acquired
132...Indirect inguinal hernia..
A . lateral to the inferior epigastric Artery
B.. congenital
C..infancy ( common in children and infants)
133.. Femoral hernia..
A.. The neck of sac always lies below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
B .More common in women than in men
C.The incident of strangulation in the femoral hernia is high due to the narrow canal therefore all Femoral hernias even asymptomatic ones, should be repaired
134..Ankle jerk..S1- S2
135..knee jerk...L3 to L4
136.. Difficult in heel walking...L4 to L5
136.. decrease Achilles reflex....
L5 to S1
137...LUMBER PLEXUS... Located in the lumber region, within the substance of the psoas major muscles and the anterior to the transverse process of the lumber vertebrae.
138...forned by lumber nerve L1, L2,L3 and L4 and also contribution from thoracic spinal nerve 12..
139...Iliohypogastric Nerve...(L1 and T 12)
Motor functions..innervate the internal oblique and trasverseus abdominus
Sensory fuction... innervates the posterolateral gluteal skin in the pubic region
140...ilioinguinal nerve...( L1) Motor fuction... innervates the internal oblique and trasverseus abdominus
Sensory fuction ... skin of the upper middle thigh,.in male it also supply the skin over the root of the penis and anterior scrotum.., in female over mons pubis and libia majora
141... Genitofemoral Nerve ( L2 and L2)... Having genital and femoral branch... motor fuction...The motor fuction innervates the cremasteric muscle........sensory fuction innervates the skin and of the anterior scrotum and mons pubis and labia majora in female and the Femoral branch innervates the skin on the Upper anterior thigh
142... Lateral cutaneous nerve..L2 and L3
143.. Maralgia paresthesia is caused by the compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
144.. Lateral cutaneous nerve demage in mesh repair
145...sacral plexus ( L4 to S4).
146... cremasteric reflex...( L1 to L2)..
147... ipsilateral absent cremasteric reflex is the most accurate sign of testicular torsion
148..injury to the Genitofemoral nerve Will results in paresthesia of the anterior thigh and lateral scrotum skin
149...The Afferent fiber of the cremesteric reflex are carried by the iliinguinal nerve,which is the brach of the first lumber nerve (L1) from the lumber plexus.
150.. Efferent fiber ( motor) .. response which is the contration of the cremesteric nuscle carried by the genital branch of the Genitofemoral nerve.this nerve arise from the 1st and 2nd lunber nerve.
151... iliinguinal nerve pass through superficial ring and genital brach of Genitofemoral through deep inguinal nerve.
152... pudendal nerve S234, innervates the vulva
153 Most common nerve for grafting is sural nerve
154 The most common vein for grafting ... Great saphenous vein
155...the ossification is the distal Femur occurs immediately after birth
1. Most appropriate about Clavipectoral Fascia = Covers Pectoralis Minor
2. The vein that pierces clavipectoral fascia is = Cephalic vein
3. Regarding cephalic vein = Lie between deltoid and pectoralis major muscle
4. Rotator cuff is formed by = supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and Subscapularis, [greater tuberosity, lesser tuberosity - handwritten notes]
5. Axillary vein is formed by = basilic vein and venae comitantes of brachial artery
(these form axillary vein at the lower border of teres major muscle)
6. Axillary sheath derived from = prevertebral fascia
7. Ant and posterior humeral circumflex branch of = axillary artery (3rd part)
8. Dorsal scapular artery direct branch of = subclavian artery anastomosis
9. Acromioclavicular joint is plane synovial joint, bones are held together by capsule, articular disc and coracoclavicular ligament(main bond)
10. Weight of upper limb transmitted to axial skeleton through = Costo-clavicular ligament
Greatest percentage of blood volume is in = *Venules and veins*
Compensation in hemorrhage causes decrease in = *Venous capacitance*
Structure whose vascular smooth muscle is controlled almost exclusively by nervous
system = *Venules*
Maximum volume reduction after 8% blood loss occurs in = *Veins*
8% blood lost in 30 minutes, maximum loss of blood is from = *Veins*
Inflammatory cells reach the site by = *Post-capillary venules*
Fluid exudation and neutrophil emigration in acute inflammation occur predominantly
from = Venules
Chronic HTN with decreased visual acuity → affected vessel = *Arterioles*
Grade III HTN retinopathy target = *Arterioles*
Most important target of HTN in retina = *Arterioles*
Greater resistance is shown by = *Greater pressure drop across arterioles*
Greatest pressure drop in circulation occurs across = *Arterioles*
ANS sympathetic nervous system mainly involves = *Arterioles*
Maximum pressure from systole falls at = Arterioles-capillaries junction
Highest total cross-sectional area in body = *Capillaries*
Continuous capillaries are present in = *Brain*
Common characteristic of pulmonary and skeletal capillaries = *Protein permeability*
Increased interstitial fluid pressure can occur due to = *Increased permeability of capillaries*
Spread of tumor to lymph nodes first is via = Capillaries
1. Injury above the pons : *regular Breathing*
2. Injury below medulla : *breathing cease or stop ( phrenic nerve Cut)*
3. Injury below pneumotaxic centre: *sustained inspiration apneusis with vegal cut*
4. Injury below apnaustic centre: gasping type irregular respiration
1. Highest PO2 in : *pulmonary capillaries*
2. Lowest PO2 in : *umbilical artery*
3. Highest venous oxygen saturation: *Renal vein*
4. Highest oxygen tension present in : *pulmonary capillaries*
5. Less in fetus then mother : *PCO2*
6. Oxygen is taken up to Lungs through: *simple diffusion*
7. Lowest oxygen level in : **SVC*
8 . Po2 at sea level in normal adults: 97%
1. 4th intercostal space to the left of sternum: *intercostal membrane*
2. 5th intercostal space to the left of sternum: *intercostal muscles*
3. 6th intercostal space to the right of sternum: right atrium
2. Max Ventricle Filling -- Rapid Filling
3. Third heart sound due to: Rapid Ventricular filling
4. First heart sound due to : Closure of AV valve
5. In Second degree heart block : Ventricular rate less than atrial rate
Q: Hereditary spherocytosis is most commonly due to defect in:
Ankyrin
Q: RBC membrane skeleton defect causing hereditary spherocytosis:
Spectrin
Reference: Harrison Book of medicine
• DOC for ventricular arrhythmias : Lidocaine
• DOC for AF without heart failure: Beta blockers
• DOC for Atrial flutter without heart failure : Beta blockers
• DOC for AF with heart failure : Digoxin
• DOC for Atrial flutter with heart failure : Digoxin
• DOC for PSVT : Adenosine
• DOC for WPWS : Procainamide
• DOC for ventricular ectopics : Beta blockers
• DOC for sinus bradycardia : Atropine
Downey cells (atypical lymphocytes) → infectious mononucleosis
Smudge cells → CLL
Sézary cells → cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
