High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Microbiology One Liners

🧠 MICROBIOLOGY — FUNGI, BACTERIA, PARASITES, VIRUSES

Candida ................ Pseudohyphae

Aspergillus ................ Acute angle branching (~45°)

Mucor ................ Broad non-septate hyphae

Cryptococcus ................ India ink positive

Histoplasma ................ Intracellular yeast

Dermatophytes ................ Tinea (ringworm) infections

Pneumocystis ................ Silver stain

Blastomyces ................ Broad-based budding

KOH mount ................ Fungal detection

Cold agglutinin ................ Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Urease positive ................ H. pylori

Satellitism ................ H. influenzae

Alpha hemolysis ................ Streptococcus pneumoniae

Beta hemolysis ................ Streptococcus pyogenes

Coagulase-negative staph ................ Prosthetic device infections

Chlamydia ................ No cell wall

Legionella ................ Urinary antigen test

Campylobacter ................ Guillain-Barré syndrome association

Clostridium tetani ................ Tetanospasmin toxin

Clostridium botulinum ................ Flaccid paralysis

Clostridium perfringens ................ Gas gangrene

Clostridium difficile ................ Pseudomembranous colitis

Bacteroides fragilis ................ Intra-abdominal abscess

Tetanus toxin MOA ................ Blocks GABA release

Botulinum toxin MOA ................ Blocks ACh release

Nagler reaction ................ Clostridium perfringens

Spore-forming bacteria ................ Clostridium

Anaerobic infection clue ................ Foul-smelling discharge

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ................ Acid-fast bacilli

Mantoux test ................ Delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity

CBNAAT ................ Rapid TB detection

Lepromatous leprosy ................ Poor cell-mediated immunity

Tuberculoid leprosy ................ Strong cell-mediated immunity

Rifampicin ................ Red/orange body fluid discoloration

Caseating granuloma ................ Tuberculosis hallmark

🧠 VIROLOGY

DNA virus example ................ HSV

RNA virus example ................ Influenza

Retrovirus ................ HIV

CD4 receptor ................ HIV target

HBsAg ................ Hepatitis B infection

Anti-HBs ................ Immunity to Hepatitis B

Rabies virus ................ Negri bodies

HPV ................ Cervical cancer

EBV ................ Burkitt lymphoma

CMV ................ Owl's eye inclusion

Measles ................ Koplik spots

Parvovirus B19 ................ Aplastic crisis

🧠 PARASITOLOGY

Plasmodium falciparum ................ Most severe malaria

Plasmodium vivax ................ Relapse (hypnozoites)

Entamoeba histolytica ................ Flask-shaped ulcer

Giardia lamblia ................ Pear-shaped trophozoite

Toxoplasma gondii ................ Ring-enhancing brain lesions

Echinococcus ................ Hydatid cyst

Wuchereria bancrofti ................ Elephantiasis

🧠 HAEMATOLOGY — BLOOD CELLS

Downey cells (atypical lymphocytes) ................ Infectious mononucleosis

Smudge cells ................ CLL

Sézary cells ................ Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Neuroanatomy One Liners

Stroke Localisation | Cortical Areas | Hypothalamus | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 CEREBRAL LESIONS — STROKE LOCALISATION

Motor loss + Sensory loss upper limb ................ MCA lesion

Motor loss + Sensory loss lower limb ................ ACA lesion

Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing ................ PCA lesion

Right paralysis + left tongue deviation ................ Left ASA lesion

CN 9,10,11 palsy + dysphagia + hoarseness + ipsilateral Horner ................ PICA lesion

CN 6,7,8 palsy + ↓salivation/lacrimation + ↓taste anterior 2/3 + ipsilateral Horner ................ AICA lesion

Motor loss + Aphasia ................ Left cerebral cortex

Motor loss + Hemineglect ................ Right cerebral cortex

Motor loss + impaired judgement/concentration/orientation ................ Frontal lobe

Motor loss + agraphia + acalculia ................ Dominant parietal cortex

Contralateral paralysis (no cortical signs) ................ Internal capsule lesion

Pure motor stroke ................ Internal capsule

Internal capsule lesion hallmark ................ No cortical signs (aphasia/neglect/visual loss absent)

Loss of motivation + judgement ................ Frontal lobe

Hemineglect ................ Non-dominant parietal cortex

🧠 CORTICAL AREAS & NUCLEI

Broca area location ................ Inferior frontal gyrus

Wernicke area location ................ Superior temporal gyrus

Auditory cortex location ................ Superior temporal gyrus

Primary visual cortex ................ Area 17 (occipital lobe)

Chorea ................ Caudate nucleus

Hemiballismus ................ Contralateral subthalamic nucleus

Striatum components ................ Caudate + putamen

Lentiform nucleus ................ Putamen + globus pallidus

Amnesia ................ Hippocampus

Most vulnerable to ischemia ................ Hippocampus

Hyperphagia + hypersexuality ................ Amygdala

Intention tremor ................ Cerebellum

Truncal ataxia ................ Vermis (cerebellum)

Resting tremor ................ Parkinsonism

🧠 HYPOTHALAMUS NUCLEI

Cannot eat (↓hunger) ................ Lateral hypothalamus lesion

Eats excessively ................ Ventromedial nucleus lesion (satiety center loss)

Cooling center (sweating) ................ Anterior hypothalamus

Heating center (shivering) ................ Posterior hypothalamus

Circadian rhythm control ................ Suprachiasmatic nucleus

ADH synthesis ................ Supraoptic nucleus

Oxytocin synthesis ................ Paraventricular nucleus

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

Read left → cover right → recall → repeat → apply & practice in Mock Tests

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Physiology One Liners

Vascular | Respiratory | Cardiac | Fluid & Acid-Base | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Greatest % of blood volume ................ Venules + veins

Compensation in hemorrhage → decrease what? ................ Venous capacitance

Vascular smooth muscle control (almost purely neural) ................ Venules

Max volume reduction after ~8% blood loss ................ Veins

~8% blood loss in 30 min → main source ................ Veins

Inflammatory cell migration site ................ Post-capillary venules

Fluid exudation in acute inflammation ................ Venules

Neutrophil emigration (acute inflammation) ................ Venules

Chronic HTN with decreased visual acuity → affected vessel ................ Arterioles

Greatest resistance shown by ................ Arterioles

Greatest pressure drop in circulation occurs across ................ Arterioles

Highest total cross-sectional area in body ................ Capillaries

Continuous capillaries present in ................ Brain

🧠 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Injury above the pons ................ Regular breathing

Injury below medulla ................ Breathing ceases (phrenic nerve cut)

Injury below pneumotaxic centre ................ Sustained inspiration (apneusis with vagal cut)

Injury below apneustic centre ................ Gasping type irregular respiration

Highest PO2 in ................ Pulmonary capillaries

Lowest PO2 in ................ Umbilical artery

Highest venous oxygen saturation ................ Renal vein

Oxygen is taken up to lungs through ................ Simple diffusion

🧠 CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

Plateau phase in cardiac action potential ................ Ca²⁺ influx

Tricuspid valve closes in which phase ................ Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (C wave)

Rapid ventricular filling happens in which phase ................ Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Third heart sound due to ................ Rapid ventricular filling

First heart sound due to ................ Closure of AV valve

In 2nd degree heart block ................ Ventricular rate less than atrial rate

DOC for ventricular arrhythmias ................ Lidocaine

DOC for AF without heart failure ................ Beta blockers

DOC for AF with heart failure ................ Digoxin

DOC for PSVT ................ Adenosine

DOC for WPW syndrome ................ Procainamide

DOC for sinus bradycardia ................ Atropine

🧠 FLUID & ACID-BASE

Fluid distribution: Intracellular ................ 2/3 = 28L

Fluid distribution: Extracellular ................ 1/3 = 14L (10L interstitial, 3L plasma, 1L transcellular)

Main coagulation pathway ................ Extrinsic pathway

Extrinsic pathway factors + drug ................ 7 & 3 — Warfarin (PT)

Intrinsic pathway factors + drug ................ 8-9-11-12 — Heparin (APTT)

Pyloric stenosis / excessive vomiting → acid-base ................ Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Ischemia of bowel → acid-base ................ Metabolic acidosis

PE / early salicylate poisoning → acid-base ................ Respiratory alkalosis

COPD / asthma / opioid overuse → acid-base ................ Respiratory acidosis

DM on Metformin → acid-base ................ Metabolic acidosis (lactic)

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

Read left → cover right → recall → repeat → apply & practice in Mock Tests

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Pharmacology — Benzodiazepines

Core Pharmacology | Clinical Uses | Alcohol Withdrawal | Anesthesiology | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 BENZODIAZEPINES — CORE PHARMACOLOGY

Benzodiazepines ................ Major sedative-hypnotic class

Short-acting benzos ................ Oxazepam, triazolam, alprazolam, midazolam ("-olam" suffix)

Long-acting benzos ................ Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide

Long-acting benzos risk ................ Form active metabolites → cumulative toxicity

Benzo MOA ................ Bind allosteric site on GABA-A → ↑ frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening

Barbiturates vs benzos ................ Barbiturates ↑ duration; benzos ↑ frequency

GABA-A activation ................ Opens Cl⁻ channel → hyperpolarization → ↓neuronal excitability

Benzo clearance ................ Hepatic metabolism

LOT benzos ................ Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam — rapid hepatic inactivation, NO active metabolites

Liver disease + benzos ................ Prefer LOT (no active metabolites)

Elderly + benzos ................ ↑ Sedation/toxicity/falls — avoid long-acting

Benzo overdose antidote ................ Flumazenil

Flumazenil MOA ................ Competitive benzo receptor antagonist

Flumazenil danger ................ Can precipitate withdrawal seizures in chronic users

Chronic benzo use ................ GABA-A downregulation → tolerance → physical dependence

Benzo withdrawal resembles ................ Alcohol withdrawal

Severe benzo withdrawal ................ Dysphoria, psychosis, seizures

Alcohol withdrawal treatment ................ Benzodiazepines first-line

Delirium tremens timing ................ 48–96 h after last drink

Alcohol withdrawal seizures ................ 12–48 h

Status epilepticus acute drug ................ IV lorazepam/diazepam

Conscious sedation ................ Patient patent airway + follows commands

Benzos for insomnia ................ Short-term use only

Benzos as muscle relaxants ................ Central skeletal muscle relaxation

Diazepam use ................ Reduces spasticity in MS, stroke, spinal cord trauma, tetanus

First-line GAD/panic pharmacotherapy ................ SSRI/SNRI (not benzos long-term)

Benzos in anxiety ................ Rapid relief in minutes to hours

Core benzo memory hook ................ ↑ GABA-A → ↑ Cl⁻ frequency → CNS depression

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Anatomy — Joints & Upper Limb

Joints Classification | Upper Limb Nerves & Vessels | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 JOINTS — HIGH YIELD

Synovial joint condylar variety ................ Knee joint (then TMJ then MCP)

Immobile joint ................ Suture

First costo-sternal joint ................ Synarthrosis and synchondrosis

Ear ossicles articulate through ................ Synovial joints

Hinge joint ................ Elbow

Knee joint type ................ Diarthrosis

Vomer-sphenoidal rostrum ................ Syndesmosis

Primary cartilaginous joints covered by ................ Hyaline cartilage

Symphysis pubis joint ................ Secondary cartilaginous + amphiarthrosis

All midline joints ................ Secondary cartilaginous

Coccyx and sacrum joint ................ Symphysis

Fibrocartilage present between ................ Intervertebral discs

First carpometacarpal joint ................ Saddle joint

Pivot joint example ................ Atlanto-axial joint

Articular cartilage most commonly on ................ Epiphysis of long bones in synovial joints

Sacroiliac joint — if both given ................ Choose synovial

Costochondral junctions ................ Primary cartilaginous joint

🧠 UPPER LIMB ANATOMY

Rotator cuff muscles ................ Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Clavipectoral fascia covers ................ Pectoralis minor

Vein that pierces clavipectoral fascia ................ Cephalic vein

Axillary vein formed by ................ Basilic vein + venae comitantes of brachial artery

Axillary sheath derived from ................ Prevertebral fascia

Adductor pollicis supplied by ................ Ulnar nerve

Abductor pollicis brevis supplied by ................ Median nerve

Thenar muscles supplied by ................ Median nerve (except adductor pollicis)

Hypothenar muscles supplied by ................ Ulnar nerve

Wrist injury + thenar eminence atrophy ................ Median nerve injury

Nerve specific for opposition ................ Recurrent branch of median nerve

Scaphoid blood supply from ................ Distal pole (necrosis in proximal part)

Ulnar nerve relation to ulnar artery ................ Nerve is ulnar (medial) to artery

Winged scapula ................ Long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7) — serratus anterior

Weight of upper limb transmitted via ................ Costo-clavicular ligament

Ulnar nerve to artery — relation ................ Nerve is ULNAR to the artery

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Lower Limb Anatomy One Liners

Nerve Injuries | Bones & Joints | Reflexes | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 LOWER LIMB NERVE INJURIES

N. injury during post hip approach ................ Sciatic nerve

N. injury during distal femoral approach / neck of fibula fracture ................ Common peroneal nerve

Foot drop ................ Sciatic or common peroneal or deep peroneal nerve

Loss of sensation over 1st web space ................ Deep peroneal nerve

Loss of sensation over medial leg ................ Saphenous nerve

Loss of eversion — fibula fracture ................ Superficial peroneal nerve

Foot drop — inability to dorsiflex ................ Deep peroneal nerve

Tibial nerve injury ................ Dorsiflexion + eversion of foot (loss of inversion)

CPN injury hallmark ................ Foot drop + inversion (eversion loss) + sensory anterolateral leg

Anterior compartment syndrome nerve ................ CPN + anterior tibial artery

Numbness over medial thigh ................ Obturator nerve injury

Femoral nerve injury ................ Loss of knee jerk + anaesthesia anterior thigh

Largest nerve of body ................ Sciatic nerve (L4–S3)

Most common nerve for grafting ................ Sural nerve

Most common vein for grafting ................ Great saphenous vein

Largest tarsal bone ................ Calcaneum

2nd largest tarsal bone (forms medial arch) ................ Talus

Largest sesamoid bone ................ Patella

Most common fracture bone in hand ................ Scaphoid

Most commonly dislocated bone in hand ................ Lunate

Most common site of femur fracture ................ Neck

Deltoid ligament (medial ligament) ................ Largest, strongest, triangular — injury: excessive eversion

Lateral ligament ................ Weakest — injury: inversion

ACL prevents ................ Anterior dislocation of tibia on femur

PCL prevents ................ Anterior dislocation of femur on tibia

Knee unlocking by ................ Popliteus

Knee locking by ................ Quadriceps femoris

Plantaris tendon rupture ................ Can stand on toe but painful

Achilles tendon rupture ................ Cannot stand on toes; walking difficult

Great saphenous vein ................ 20 valves — longest vein in body

Ankle jerk reflex ................ S1–S2

Knee jerk reflex ................ L3–L4

Decreased Achilles reflex ................ L5–S1

Cremasteric reflex ................ L1–L2

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Head & Neck Anatomy One Liners

Foramina | Nerve Injuries | Ganglia | Cranial Nerves | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 HEAD & NECK — FORAMINA & NERVES

Superior orbital fissure contents ................ CN 3,4,V1,6 + ophthalmic veins (NOT ophthalmic artery)

Ophthalmic artery passes through ................ Optic canal

Maxillary nerve passes through ................ Foramen rotundum

Mandibular nerve passes through ................ Foramen ovale

CN 9,10,11 pass through ................ Jugular foramen

MMA passes through ................ Foramen spinosum

Internal carotid artery passes over ................ Foramen lacerum

Hypoglossal nerve passes through ................ Hypoglossal canal (anterior condylar foramen)

Vertebral artery passes through ................ Foramen transversarium of C6

Vertebral artery branch of ................ Subclavian artery

Fracture middle 1/3 clavicle → vessel affected ................ Subclavian vein

Foramen lacerum true content ................ Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

N. injury post triangle ................ Spinal accessory nerve (CN11)

Patient unable to shrug shoulder ................ Spinal accessory nerve

After endarterectomy — deviated tongue ................ Hypoglossal nerve

Numbness angle of lower jaw ................ Great auricular nerve (C2–3)

N. injury during parotid surgery ................ Facial nerve

Dropping lip / asymmetrical smile — parotid surgery ................ Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve

Hoarseness after thyroidectomy ................ Vagus nerve or RLN

Numbness over cheek ................ Infraorbital nerve (V2)

Numbness over forehead above eye ................ Supraorbital nerve

Numbness over lower lip ................ Inferior alveolar nerve

Numbness over chin ................ Mental nerve (branch of V3)

Most common nerve injury in cavernous sinus ................ Abducent nerve (CN6)

Cerebellopontine angle lesion ................ Acoustic neuroma — affects CN7 & CN8

Pterygopalatine ganglion associated with ................ Greater superficial petrosal nerve (parasympathetic from CN7)

Parasympathetic to lacrimal gland ................ Greater superficial petrosal nerve via pterygopalatine ganglion

Dryness of nose and palate — lesion ................ Pterygopalatine ganglion

Chorda tympani passes through ................ Petrotympanic fissure

Autonomic ganglion for CN3 ................ Ciliary ganglion

Autonomic ganglion for CN9 ................ Otic ganglion

Otic ganglion lies under ................ Foramen ovale (inferior border)

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I Controversial MCQs — CPSP Updated Pool

Frequently Repeated Controversial Questions with Explained Answers | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 FCPS-I CONTROVERSIAL MCQs — CPSP POOL

Q1 Pain from uterus carried by? → ANS: Sympathetic (choose sympathetic if only one option) — Ref: KLM
Note: If both symp & parasympathetic given, choose that

Q2 Barr body present in? → ANS: Normal female (XX) = 1 Barr body; Klinefelter (XXY) = 1 Barr body
Note: Choose whichever fits — B preferred if single answer

Q3 Ventricles completely depolarized during? → ANS: ST segment
Note: If stem says 'ventricular depolarization shown by' → choose QRS

Q4 Primigravida on iron + fresh vegetables — deficiency risk? → ANS: Vitamin B12
Note: Vegetables are poor in B12 (animal source only) — Ref: obstetrics

Q5 H antigen found in blood group? → ANS: O

Q6 Anti-H antibody found in blood group? → ANS: Oh (Bombay phenotype)

Q7 Temporal horn of lateral ventricle? → ANS: Hippocampus

Q8 Pain in mumps — nerve? → ANS: Auriculotemporal nerve
Note: CPSP key

Q9 Therapeutic dose depends on? → ANS: Efficacy

Q10 Hypertensive + CRF — unlikely finding? → ANS: Hypophosphatemia (causes hyperphosphatemia)

Q11 Chest pain + ST elevation + normal enzymes → diagnosis? → ANS: Acute MI
Note: Enzymes normal in very early MI

Q12 In exercise — doesn't get full blood supply? → ANS: Kidney

Q13 SA node pacemaker because? → ANS: Generates impulse at faster rate
Note: Ref: Guyton

Q14 Great saphenous vein — number of valves? → ANS: 20 valves
Note: Ref: RJ Last

Q15 Hyperbaric oxygen useful in? → ANS: CO poisoning (also gas gangrene, decompression sickness)
Note: Ref: Harrison

Q16 Asian population — most common cause of macrocytosis? → ANS: Alcohol
Note: 96% alcoholics develop macrocytosis — choose alcohol

Q17 Autosomal dominant — characteristic? → ANS: All options can be correct; depends on stem
Note: Expresses heterogeneity; complete or incomplete penetrance

Q18 Delta antigen (HDV) significance? → ANS: Measure of severity/fatality
Note: HDV superinfection → >70% chronicity + high fatality — Ref: Robbins

Q19 Antimanic effect of lithium — onset? → ANS: 7–10 days
Note: Ref: Katzung, Goodman & Gilman

Q20 Commonest site for pyogenic brain abscess? → ANS: Frontal lobe
Note: Slight edge over temporal — if both given, choose both

Q21 Nervous control of accommodation? → ANS: Only parasympathetic system
Note: Ref: Guyton

Q22 Pacemaker potential due to? → ANS: Slow Ca²⁺ channels
Note: Ref: Ganong

Q23 Natural antithrombotic in blood? → ANS: Plasminogen
Note: Ref: Harrison

Q24 Most radiosensitive? → ANS: Lymphoid tissue
Note: Ref: Goljan

Q25 Fibrocartilage rich in? → ANS: Collagen
Note: Ref: Basic histology

Q26 Potent stimulus for GH? → ANS: Strenuous exercise
Note: Ref: Guyton

Q27 Urine osmolarity 1200, plasma 300 — cause? → ANS: Dehydration
Note: SIADH requires plasma osmolarity <270 — Ref: Davidson

Q28 Most common primary immunodeficiency? → ANS: IgA deficiency
Note: Ref: Goljan

Q29 Function of basal ganglia? → ANS: Initiation of movement
Note: Best answer

Q30 Not related to Meckel's diverticulum? → ANS: Remnant of urachus (A) — it is remnant of vitello-intestinal duct

Q75 Confirmatory test for AIDS? → ANS: Western blot
Note: Ref: Harrison

Q83 1st line of defense in inflammation? → ANS: Tissue macrophage
Note: Ref: Guyton

Q87 Beta-blocker increase? → ANS: Hypoglycemia
Note: Ref: Goodman & Gilman

Q88 CNS tumor due to radiation? → ANS: Meningioma

Q91 Most important prerequisite for renal transplant? → ANS: HLA testing (initial = ABO, most important = HLA)

Q98 Type of collagen that increases wound strength? → ANS: Type I collagen

Q99 Factor affecting collagen synthesis? → ANS: Vitamin C

Q100 Most important in delayed wound healing? → ANS: Anemia

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I Easy Mnemonics — Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

Memory aids for High-Yield Topics | Share with your batch

🧠 EASY MNEMONICS — DR. WASIM FCPS-I

Golgi "Tendon" — "T" ................ Controls muscle 'T'ension

Muscle Spind"L"e — "L" ................ Controls muscle 'L'ength

Boh"R"s effect — "R" ................ Right shift (O₂-Hb curve)

Ha"L"dane effect — "L" ................ Left shift (O₂-Hb curve)

S"E"condary centre of ossification — "E" ................ 'E'piphysis

"MI"cturation reflex ................ 'MI'dbrain

"P"neumotaxic centre ................ 'P'ons

Hypo"T"halamus ................ 'T'hirst + 'T'emperature

Respiration, swallowing, vomiting controlled by ................ Medulla oblongata

LOT benzos (safe in liver disease) ................ Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam

MALT — Inguinal canal walls ................ Muscle / Aponeurosis / Ligament / Transversalis fascia

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS I High-Yield One Liners

Anticoagulant Reversal | IBD Histology | FCPS-I High Yield | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

🧠 WARFARIN TOXICITY & REVERSAL

Warfarin monitored by ................................................ INR / PT

Warfarin immediate reversal — 1st option ................................................ PCC (Prothrombin Complex Concentrate)

Warfarin immediate reversal — 2nd option (mostly used clinically) ................................................ FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma)

Why Vitamin K is given after PCC or FFP ................................................ To sustain the reversal effect (PCC/FFP act fast; Vitamin K has longer onset)

Vitamin K — onset ................................................ Slow onset — NOT used alone for immediate reversal

🧠 UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN (UFH) TOXICITY & REVERSAL

Unfractionated heparin monitored by ................................................ aPTT

Unfractionated heparin reversal agent ................................................ Protamine sulphate

Protamine sulphate dose ................................................ 1 mg of protamine sulphate for every 100 IU of UFH

⚠ Quick Comparison — Anticoagulant Monitoring & Reversal

Drug	Monitor	Reverse with
Warfarin	INR / PT	PCC → FFP → Vit K
UFH	aPTT	Protamine sulphate

🧠 ULCERATIVE COLITIS — HISTOLOGY

Depth of inflammation in UC ................................................ Mucosa and submucosa only (superficial)

Characteristic mucosal pattern in UC ................................................ Widespread ulceration + preserved adjacent mucosa = Pseudopolyps

Inflammatory cell location in UC ................................................ Lamina propria infiltrate

Crypt pathology in UC ................................................ Crypt abscesses

Goblet cells in UC ................................................ Depleted — loss of goblet cells and mucin from gland epithelium

Granulomas in UC ................................................ Infrequent (rare)

🧠 CROHN'S DISEASE — HISTOLOGY

Depth of inflammation in Crohn's ................................................ All layers — transmural (down to serosa)

Complications of transmural inflammation in Crohn's ................................................ Strictures, fistulas and adhesions

Characteristic mucosal pattern in Crohn's ................................................ Cobblestone pattern (oedema + fissures)

Lymphoid aggregates in Crohn's ................................................ Present throughout all layers

Granulomas in Crohn's ................................................ Non-caseating granulomas (hallmark feature)

⚠ Quick Comparison — UC vs Crohn's Histology

Feature	Ulcerative Colitis	Crohn's Disease
Depth of inflammation	Mucosa + submucosa	Transmural (all layers)
Pattern	Pseudopolyps	Cobblestone
Granulomas	Rare / infrequent	Non-caseating (hallmark)
Crypt abscesses	Present	Less common
Complications	Pseudopolyps, dysplasia	Fistulas, strictures, adhesions

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Pathological Eponyms One Liners

Fruits & Vegetables in Pathology | Lesion Appearances | Clinical Associations | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

Pathological Fruit & Vegetable Eponyms

1. Potato Nodes ................. Sarcoidosis

2. Potato Tumor ................. Chemodectoma

3. Potato / Oyster Ovary ................. PCOD

4. Strawberry Cervix ................. Trichomonas Vaginalis

5. Strawberry Tongue ................. Scarlet Fever

6. Strawberry Hemangioma ................. Nevus Vasculosus

7. Barley Colored Fluid Cyst ................. Spermatocele

8. Apple Jelly Nodules ................. Lupus Vulgaris

9. Apple Core Lesion ................. Ca Colon

10. Raspberry Tumor ................. Umbilical Adenoma

11. Raspberry Thorn Sign ................. Crohn's Disease

12. Peau de Orange Appearance of Breast ................. Breast Cancer

13. Orange Tonsils ................. Tangier's Disease

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Immunology One Liners

Antibody Target → Disease

14. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ................. Myasthenia Gravis

15. Intrinsic Factor ................. Pernicious Anemia

16. Proteinase 3 ANCA ................. Wegener's Granulomatosis

17. Alpha 3 Chain of Collagen Type IV ................. Goodpasture's Syndrome

18. Thyroid Peroxidase ................. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Other High Yield Antibodies

19. ANA ................. SLE

20. Anti-Smith, Anti-dsDNA ................. Specific for SLE

21. Anti-Histone ................. Drug-induced SLE

22. Anticentromere ................. CREST Syndrome

23. Anti-Scl-70 ................. Scleroderma

24. Anti-SSA, Anti-SSB ................. Sjögren's Syndrome

25. Anti-Jo-1 ................. Polymyositis

26. Antimitochondrial ................. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

27. Antigliadin, Antitransglutaminase ................. Celiac Disease

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Endocrine & Pharmacology One Liners

Thyroid Drugs | Diuretics | Receptor Mechanisms | Acid-Base | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

Endocrine + Drugs

1. Hypothyroidism caused by Lithium ................. Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release

2. Thiazide diuretics act on ................. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

3. Propranolol MOA in hyperthyroidism ................. Blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors

4. Decreased HR due to parasympathetic — SA node mechanism ................. Increased permeability to K+ ions

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Physiology One Liners

Physiology

5. Last trimester of pregnancy — lung volume change ................. FRC decreases

6. PAH clearance calculates ................. RPF = Urine flow rate × (U/P)PAH

7. Spinothalamic pathways carry ................. Pain, temperature, crude touch

8. During football playing — muscle contraction type ................. Isotonic contraction

9. Hyperventilation ................. Respiratory alkalosis

10. Vomiting ................. Metabolic alkalosis

11. DKA ................. Kussmaul breathing + metabolic acidosis

12. Right shift oxyhemoglobin curve ................. Seen in acidosis

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Neuroscience & Special Senses One Liners

Neuro + Special Senses

13. Prefrontal association cortex lesion ................. Personality changes, apathy

14. Vision area in brain ................. Occipital lobe

15. Lesion of right optic tract ................. Left homonymous hemianopia

16. Rods activated in dark ................. By rhodopsin mechanism

17. When person comes into light ................. Cones adapt by pupil constriction

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Hematology & Pathology One Liners

Hematology + Pathology

18. Most common cause of prolonged bleeding time ................. Platelet dysfunction

19. G6PD deficiency ................. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficient

20. Platelets release during inflammation ................. Serotonin, ADP

21. Bleeding + normal aPTT + no family history ................. Qualitative platelet function defect

22. Sarcoidosis histology ................. Non-caseating granuloma

23. Granulomatous inflammation of TB ................. Caused by macrophages, epithelioid cells

24. Irreversible cell injury ................. Amorphous mitochondrial densities + loss of microvilli

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Infectious Disease & Immunology One Liners

Infectious + Immunology

25. Asiatic cholangio hepatitis — causative organism ................. Clonorchis sinensis

26. Infective endocarditis — tricuspid valve — most common organism ................. Staphylococcus aureus

27. Raynaud phenomenon most associated with ................. Scleroderma

28. Sjögren syndrome most associated with ................. Rheumatoid arthritis

29. SLE immune mechanism ................. Type III hypersensitivity

30. Antibody that cannot cross placenta ................. IgM

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Genetics, MSK & Cell Biology One Liners

Genetics + MSK + Cell & Embryo

31. Proto-oncogenes ................. Normal genes involved in cell growth

32. Arthritis — antibiotic contraindicated ................. Fluoroquinolone

33. Mitral stenosis + AFib — rhythm ................. Irregular ventricular response

34. Marfan syndrome inheritance ................. Autosomal dominant

35. Marfan syndrome gene defect ................. Fibrillin-1 gene mutation

36. Upper trunk brachial plexus injury ................. Erb's palsy

37. Arm abduction before 90° — muscle responsible ................. Supraspinatus muscle

38. Deep branch radial nerve injured — no wrist drop because ................. Extensor carpi radialis brevis spared

39. Tetany scenario — treatment ................. Calcium should be given

40. Body aches + constipation + confusion ................. Hypercalcemia scenario

41. 1 carbon fragment transfer — vitamin required ................. Folate — Vitamin B9

42. Simple columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells ................. Respiratory tract

43. Uterus regression after pregnancy — organelle ................. Lysosomes — autophagy

44. Only one kidney on radiography ................. Renal agenesis

45. Thyroid follicular cells — embryological origin ................. Derivative of endoderm

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Thyroid Surgery One Liners

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve | External Laryngeal Nerve | Upper vs Lower Pole | Most Repeated Difference | Dr. Wasim FCPS-I Book

Surgery Scenario → Nerve at Risk

1. Surgery of lower pole of thyroid ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

2. Ligation of inferior thyroid artery ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

3. Left lower lobe thyroidectomy — artery ligated ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

4. Inferior lobe of thyroid — associated nerve ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

5. Inferior artery ligated during thyroidectomy ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

6. Surgery of upper pole of thyroid ................. External laryngeal nerve

Quick Rule: Lower pole / Inferior artery → Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve | Upper pole / Superior artery → External Laryngeal Nerve

Thyroid & Larynx MCQ Clues

1. Landmark of thyroid gland ................. C5 to T1

2. Partial thyroidectomy — preserved structure ................. Parathyroid gland

3. Most commonly injured nerve during thyroidectomy ................. External laryngeal nerve

4. Hoarseness of voice after thyroid surgery ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

5. Superior laryngeal nerve passes ................. Between hyoid and upper border of thyroid cartilage

6. Superior laryngeal artery + internal laryngeal nerve pass between ................. Thyroid and hyoid

7. Nerve supply of trachea ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

8. Isthmus of thyroid at level of ................. 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings

9. Blood supply to parathyroid ................. Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Thyroid Anatomy One Liners

Thyroid Levels

1. Thyroid gland extent / landmark ................. C5 to T1

2. Isthmus of thyroid ................. 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings

Artery → Nerve Associations

3. Superior thyroid artery — related nerve ................. External laryngeal nerve

4. Inferior thyroid artery — related nerve ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

5. Superior laryngeal artery — related nerve ................. Internal laryngeal nerve

Clinical + Arch Clues

6. Hoarseness of voice = ................. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury

7. Thyroid moves with swallowing because ................. Enclosed in pretracheal fascia

8. Superior laryngeal nerve — branchial arch ................. 4th arch

9. Recurrent laryngeal nerve — branchial arch ................. 6th arch

General Thyroid Anatomy

1. Thyroid gland lies against vertebrae ................. C5, C6, C7 and T1

2. Thyroid is enclosed in ................. Pretracheal fascia

3. Isthmus lies opposite ................. 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Laryngeal Muscles One Liners

Function → Correct Muscle

1. Abduction of vocal cords ................. Posterior cricoarytenoid

2. Opening of vocal cords ................. Posterior cricoarytenoid

3. Adduction / closing of vocal cords ................. Lateral cricoarytenoid

4. Raising pitch / high-pitched voice ................. Cricothyroid

5. Tensing vocal cords ................. Cricothyroid

6. Elongating vocal cords ................. Cricothyroid

7. Lowering pitch ................. Thyroarytenoid

8. Relaxing vocal cords ................. Thyroarytenoid

9. Shortening vocal cords ................. Thyroarytenoid

10. Bowing of vocal cords during adduction ................. Thyroarytenoid

Pitch Control Concept

1. Vocal cords tensed — pitch effect ................. High pitch — Cricothyroid

2. Vocal cords elongated — pitch effect ................. High pitch — Cricothyroid

3. Screaming at high pitch — muscle active ................. Cricothyroid

Main Laryngeal Muscles Summary

Posterior cricoarytenoid — Only abductor ................. Opens vocal cords

Lateral cricoarytenoid — Adductor ................. Closes vocal cords — helps phonation

Cricothyroid — Tensing + elongation ................. Raises pitch — high-pitched voice

Thyroarytenoid — Relaxation + shortening ................. Lowers pitch — bowing, low pitch

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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High Yield One Liners Dr. Wasim School of Medical Education

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield MCQ One Liners (Q82–Q103)

Neuroscience — CNS Tracts & Motor Neurons

Q82. Maintains flexor tone of the arm mainly ................. Rubrospinal tract

Q83. Lower motor neuron lesion — characteristic feature ................. Muscle wasting

Q84. Hemisection vs total spinal cord section — differentiated by ................. Spinal shock

GI & Endocrine

Q85. Most common exocrine tumor of pancreas ................. Ductal adenocarcinoma

Q86. Delayed action of insulin — mechanism ................. Stimulation of mRNA transcription for lipogenesis

Q90. Antrum of stomach removed — result ................. Decreased compliance

Q99. Liver develops from ................. Ventral mesentery of proximal foregut

Respiratory Physiology

Q87. Gas with maximum diffusion capacity in body fluids ................. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Q88. Decreased PO₂ in blood — most likely cause ................. Hypoventilation

Microbiology & Surgical Pathology

Q89. Riverside blindness — larva identified ................. Onchocerca volvulus

Q91. Margins of tuberculous ulcer ................. Undermined

Q92. Ulcer associated with hypertension ................. Martorell ulcer

Pharmacology & Ophthalmology

Q93. MOA of Propylthiouracil (PTU) ................. Inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones

Q94. Right optic tract lesion causes ................. Left homonymous hemianopia

Q95. Internal laryngeal nerve passes through ................. Thyrohyoid membrane

Q96. Screening marker for congenital abnormalities in pregnancy ................. Estriol

Q97. Phenol preferred over alcohol for neurolytic anesthesia because ................. Less painful

Hematology & Lower Limb Anatomy

Q98. G6PD deficiency hemolysis — next event ................. Self-limiting hemolysis

Q100. Saphenous nerve is terminal branch of ................. Femoral nerve

Q101. Hamstring part of adductor magnus supplied by ................. Tibial nerve

Q102. Gracilis muscle supplied by ................. Obturator nerve

Q103. Adductor brevis supplied by ................. Anterior branch of obturator nerve

✅ HOW TO STUDY?

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FCPS Part 1 Controversial MCQs, Solved Recalls & High-Yield One Liner Points

📘 FCPS-I High-Yield Microbiology One Liners